Editing Pope Clement VIII (section)

==Internal policies==

===Law enforcement===
Clement VIII was as vigorous as [[Pope Sixtus V]] (1585–90) in crushing banditry in the Papal provinces of [[Umbria]] and the [[Marche]] and in punishing the lawlessness of the [[Papal nobility]].<ref name=Loughlin/> Upon his ascension to the Papal throne in 1592, he immediately had several noble troublemakers put to death. These included most famously Troio Savelli, scion of a powerful ancient Roman family, and the youthful and noble [[Beatrice Cenci]], who had murdered her father&nbsp;– probably as a consequence of his repeated abuses. The latter case prompted many requests of clemency&nbsp;– rejected by the Pope, who passed the confiscated Cenci property to his own family.

Clement's strict ways also concerned philosophical and religious matters. In 1599 he had the Italian miller [[Menocchio]]&nbsp;– who had formed the belief that God was not eternal but had Himself once been created out of chaos&nbsp;– tried by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. A more famous case was the trial for [[heresy]] of [[Giordano Bruno]], who was [[burned at the stake]] in 1600. Pope Clement VIII participated personally in the final phases of the trial, inviting the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] in charge of the case to proceed with the verdict.

===Anti-Jewish measures===
Clement VIII tightened measures against the Jewish inhabitants of his territories. In 1592, the [[papal bull]] ''[[Cum saepe accidere]]'' forbade the Jewish community of the [[Comtat Venaissin]] of [[Avignon]], a Papal enclave, to sell new goods, putting them at an economic disadvantage. In 1593, the bull ''[[Caeca et Obdurata]]'' reiterated [[Pope Pius V]]'s decree of 1569, which banned Jews from living in the Papal States outside the cities of Rome, [[Ancona]], and Avignon. The main effect of the bull was to evict Jews who had returned to areas of the Papal States (mainly [[Umbria]]) after 1586 (following their expulsion in 1569) and to expel Jewish communities from cities like [[Bologna]] (which had been incorporated under papal dominion since 1569).<ref name="foa">{{cite book |last1=Foa |first1=Anna |last2=Grover |first2=Andrea |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBchbFySf-UC&pg=PA117 |title=The Jews of Europe After the Black Death |publisher=University of California Press |page=117 |isbn=978-0520087651 }}</ref> The bull also alleged that Jews worldwide had engaged in [[usury]] and exploited the hospitality of Clement VIII's predecessors "who, in order to lead them from their darkness to knowledge of the true faith, deemed it opportune to use the clemency of Christian piety towards them" (alluding to ''Christiana pietas'').<ref name="frag">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nh4DG4AsTuUC&pg=PA182 |pages=182–183 |title=Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy |isbn=9780521661720 |last1=Fragnito |first1=Gigliola |last2=Mozzarelli |first2=Cesare |last3=Oresko |first3=Robert |date=2001-09-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> With the bull ''Cum Hebraeorum malitia'' a few days later, Clement VIII also forbade the reading of the [[Talmud]].<ref>S. Wendehorst, "Katholische Kirche und Juden in der Frühen Neuzeit" 1.3 "Zensur des Talmud", following Willchad Paul Eckert, "Catholizmus zwischen 1580 und 1848" in Karl Heinrich Rengstorf and Siegfried Kortzfleisch, eds. ''Kirche und Sinagoge'' II (Stuttgart, 1970) p. 232.</ref>