Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

===Alliance with Manuel I, 1156===
Emperor Manuel I had launched his own military operation against William in southern Italy in 1154.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=235}}{{refn|The south of Italy, particularly Apulia, had a large Greek population, with [[Greek Orthodox church]]es, who "played important roles in the administration of the Norman kingdom", notes Duggan, "and Byzantine emperors had not yet abandoned hopes of re-establishing some control over the south".{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=120}}|group=note}} He found Adrian a willing ally. The Russian historian [[Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|Alexander Vasiliev]] notes that Adrian "expressed his desire 'to help in bringing all the brethren into one church' and compared the eastern church with lost ''drachma'', wandering sheep, and the dead [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]]".{{sfn|Vasiliev|1973|p=476}} Adrian's isolation led directly to his concordat with the Eastern Empire in 1156,{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} although Duggan emphasises that he was reacting to external political pressures rather than deliberately initiating a new policy.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=120}} As a result, says Barber, he "became involved in a fruitless Byzantine plan to overcome the Normans which ended, as so often before when the popes had ventured south in arms, in Norman victory".{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} Adrian—as if, says Partner, "the unhappy experiences of at least three popes has taught the papacy nothing"{{sfn|Partner|1972|p=190}}—organised a papal army comprising Roman and Campagnan nobility and crossed the border into Apulia in September 1155.{{sfn|Partner|1972|p=190}}

Although it has been suggested that Manuel offered to pay Adrian a large sum of money in return for ceding him certain Apulian cities, it seems unlikely that this was ever actioned; certainly, notes Duggan, Adrian was wholly against the creation of a Byzantine kingdom on his own doorstep.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=122}} This was in spite of Manuel deliberately not pressing his Empire's historical claim on South Italy as a whole,{{sfn|Magdalino|2008|p=638}} and was interested primarily in the coastal areas.{{sfn|Magdalino|1993|p=57}}{{refn|The coastal towns of Apulia had large Greek populations.{{sfn|Magdalino|2008|p=639}}|group=note}} Initially, his campaign succeeded, and by 1155 he had annexed [[Republic of Ancona|Ancona]], and had occupied [[Salento]], namely the area from [[Brindisi]] to [[Taranto]].{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=235}} Byzantine funding enabled Adrian to temporarily restore his vassal [[Robert III of Loritello|Robert, Count of Loritello]],{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=236}}{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=175}} although on one occasion William was able to capture {{convert|5000|lb|kg|abbr=off}} of gold from Manuel that had been destined for the Pope's war chest.{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} There was some discussion of an alliance between Roman pope and Eastern emperor, and Adrian despatched [[Anselm of Havelberg]] east to arrange it, although in the event negotiations came to nothing.{{sfn|Cameron|2016|p=83}} Magdalino argues that Adrian would not have been interested in an alliance "without the lure of Byzantine gold".{{sfn|Magdalino|1993|p=105}} Although the Byzantine Emperor had sent his army to support the Pope in Italy—and indeed, had subdued the troublesome region of the [[Balkans]]—Adrian, argues Sayers, "could not accept any power for the emperor that was not dependent on the pope".{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Ullmann argues that although Adrian was receptive to Manuel's ambition of uniting the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, he did not appreciate the manner in which the offer was made.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=248}} He was particularly averse to Manuel's suggestion that the pope's sword was merely a spiritual force,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} and, suggests Ullmann, "received Manuel's overtures with that scepticism which they deserved".{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=248}} Adrian, though, while agreeing on the basic tenet of a single emperor and a single church, believed that it was not a case of the Western church joining that of the East, but the latter returning to the former with the "obedience due to a mother", as he put it in a letter to Manuel. In other words, all Christians, East or West, should be subjugated to the church of St Peter.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=249}}