Editing Politics (section)

=== Modern states ===
[[File:Women voter outreach 1935 English Yiddish.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Women voter outreach (1935)]]
The [[Peace of Westphalia]] (1648) is considered by [[Political science|political scientists]] to be the beginning of the modern international system,<ref name="Osiander">{{harvnb|Osiander|2001|p=251}}.</ref><ref name="Gross">{{harvnb|Gross|1948|pp=20–41}}.</ref><ref>Jackson, R. H. 2005. "The Evolution of World Society" in ''[[The Globalization of World Politics]]: An Introduction to International Relations'', edited by [[Patricia Owens (academic)|P. Owens]]. [[John Bayliss|J. Baylis]] and S. Smith. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 53. {{ISBN|1-56584-727-X}}.{{Verify source|date=July 2020}}</ref> in which external powers should avoid interfering in another country's domestic affairs.<ref name="kissinger_world_order">{{harvnb|Kissinger|2014}}.</ref> The principle of non-interference in other countries' domestic affairs was laid out in the mid-18th century by Swiss jurist [[Emer de Vattel]].<ref name="krasner2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Krasner |first1=Stephen D. |title=The durability of organized hypocrisy |encyclopedia=Sovereignty in Fragments: The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept |editor1-last=Kalmo |editor1-first=Hent |editor2-last=Skinner |editor2-first=Quentin |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> States became the primary institutional agents in an [[Interstate system (world-systems theory)|interstate system]] of relations. The Peace of Westphalia is said to have ended attempts to impose supranational authority on European states. The "Westphalian" doctrine of states as independent agents was bolstered by the rise in 19th century thought of [[nationalism]], under which legitimate [[Sovereign state|states]] were assumed to correspond to ''[[nations]]''—groups of people united by language and culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Westphalia, with love – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-westphalia-with-love/950804/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=archive.indianexpress.com |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806091803/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-westphalia-with-love/950804/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Europe]], during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the multinational [[empire]]s: the [[Austrian Empire]], [[Kingdom of France]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]],<ref>Eric Hobsbawm, ''Nations and Nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality'' (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; {{ISBN|0-521-43961-2}}) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp. 80–81 French edition (Gallimard, 1992). According to Hobsbawm, the main source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed.), ''Histoire de la langue française'', Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular volume IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a widespread national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) ''The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic''. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.</ref> the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Spanish Empire]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and the [[British Empire]]. Such empires also existed in Asia, Africa, and the Americas; in the [[Muslim world]], immediately after the [[death of Muhammad]] in 632, [[Caliphate]]s were established, which developed into multi-ethnic transnational empires.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Al-Rasheed |first1=Madawi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts |last2=Kersten |first2=Carool |last3=Shterin |first3=Marat |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-932795-9 |page=3 |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710020511/https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The multinational empire was an [[absolute monarchy]] ruled by a king, [[emperor]] or [[sultan]]. The population belonged to many ethnic groups, and they spoke many languages. The empire was dominated by one ethnic group, and their language was usually the language of public administration. The ruling [[dynasty]] was usually, but not always, from that group. Some of the smaller European states were not so ethnically diverse, but were also [[Dynasty|dynastic]] states, ruled by a [[Dynasty|royal house]]. A few of the smaller states survived, such as the independent principalities of [[Liechtenstein]], [[Andorra]], [[Monaco]], and the republic of [[San Marino]].

Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass [[literacy]], and [[mass media]]. However, historians{{Who|date=August 2014}} also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in [[Portugal]] and the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344 |title=Understanding the Global Economy |date=2004 |publisher=Peace Education Books |isbn=978-0-9748961-0-6 |language=en |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521084057/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scholars such as [[Steven Weber (professor)|Steven Weber]], [[David Woodward (cartographer)|David Woodward]], [[Michel Foucault]], and [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]] have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state did not arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it an accident of history or political invention.<ref>[[Jeremy Black (historian)|Black, Jeremy]].1998. [[Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia|''Maps and Politics'']]. pp. 59–98, 100–147.</ref><ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /><ref>[[Michel Foucault|Foucault, Michel]]. [1977–1978] 2007. ''[[Security, Territory, Population]]: Lectures at the Collège de France''.</ref> Rather, the nation state is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in [[political economy]], [[capitalism]], [[mercantilism]], [[political geography]], and [[geography]]<ref>Rizaldy, Aldino, and Wildan Firdaus. 2012. "[https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXIX-B1/5/2012/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012.pdf Direct Georeferencing: A New Standard in Photogrammetry for High Accuracy Mapping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926121347/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXIX-B1/5/2012/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012.pdf |date=26 September 2020 }}." ''[[International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences]]'' 39(B1):5–9. {{doi|10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012}}</ref><ref>Bellezza, Giuliano. 2013. "[https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/1/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013.pdf On Borders: From Ancient to Postmodern Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926125037/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/1/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013.pdf |date=26 September 2020 }}." ''[[International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.]]'' 40-4(W3):1–7. {{doi|10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013}}</ref> combined with [[cartography]]<ref>Mikhailova, E. V. 2013. "[https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/105/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013.pdf Appearance and Appliance of the Twin-Cities Concept on the Russian-Chinese Border] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926124128/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/105/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013.pdf |date=26 September 2020 }}." ''[[International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.]]'' 40-4(W3):105–110. {{doi|10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013}}</ref><ref>Pickering, S. 2013. "[https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/111/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013.pdf Borderlines: Maps and the spread of the Westphalian state from Europe to Asia Part One – The European Context]". ''[[International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.]]'' 40-4(W3):111–116. {{doi|10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013}}.  {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926121100/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/111/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013.pdf |date=26 September 2020 }}.</ref> and [[Automated mapping|advances in map-making technologies]].<ref>{{harvnb|Branch|2011}}.</ref>

Some nation states, such as [[Germany]] and [[Italy]], came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by [[Nationalism|nationalists]], during the 19th century. In both cases, the territory was previously divided among other states, some of them very small. Liberal ideas of [[free trade]] played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a [[customs union]], the [[Zollverein]]. National [[self-determination]] was a key aspect of United States President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s [[Fourteen Points]], leading to the dissolution of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[First World War]], while the [[Russian Empire]] became the [[Soviet Union]] after the [[Russian Civil War]]. [[Decolonization]] lead to the creation of new nation states in place of multinational empires in the [[Third World]].