Editing Polish literature (section)

==1945–56==
All texts published under Soviet rules were strictly censored.
Much of Polish literature written during the [[Occupation of Poland]] appeared in print only after the conclusion of World War II, including books by [[Zofia Nałkowska|Nałkowska]], [[Adolf Rudnicki|Rudnicki]], [[Tadeusz Borowski|Borowski]] and others.<ref name="JB-WE" /> The Soviet takeover of the country did not discourage [[Émigré]]s and exiles from returning, especially before the advent of [[Stalinism in Poland|Stalinism]]. Indeed, many writers attempted to recreate the Polish literary scene, often with a touch of nostalgia for the prewar reality, including [[Jerzy Andrzejewski]], author of ''[[Ashes and Diamonds]]'', describing (according to Communist design) [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)|Anti-communist resistance in Poland]]. His novel was adapted into film a decade later by [[Andrzej Wajda|Wajda]]. The new emerging prose writers such as [[Stanisław Dygat]] and [[Stefan Kisielewski]] approached the catastrophe of war from their own perspective. [[Kazimierz Wyka]] coined a term "borderline novel" for documentary fiction.<ref name="JB-WE">Jean Albert Bédé, William Benbow Edgerton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_JLL32RzrkC&dq=%22Jerzy+Andrzejewski%22&pg=PA632  ''Columbia dictionary of modern European literature.''] Page 632. ''[[Columbia University Press]]'', 1980. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-231-03717-1}}}}</ref>

The situation began to worsen dramatically around 1949–1950 with the introduction of the [[Socialist realism in Poland|Stalinist doctrine]] by minister [[Włodzimierz Sokorski|Sokorski]], on behalf of the increasingly violent [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Communist regime]], which engaged in gross violations of human rights.<ref name="JB-WE" /> In the years 1944–1956, around 300,000 Polish citizens were arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced against political prisoners, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law".<ref name="ipn.gov.pl-2">{{cite web | url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html | title=Otwarcie wystawy "Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa 1944–1956" – Kraków, 2 lutego 2006 | publisher=[[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]] | access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> Fearing for their proper jobs, many writers associated with the [[Jerzy Borejsza|Borejsza's]] publishing empire embraced the Sovietization of Polish culture.<ref name="Kott">Jan Kott, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yx2C8o-fiK8C&dq=%22Jerzy+Borejsza%22&pg=PA172 ''Still Alive: An Autobiographical Essay'', p.172-173.] ''Yale University Press'', 1994, {{ISBN|0-300-10561-4}}, Google Print.</ref> In 1953 the [[Polish Writers' Union|ZLP Union]], run by [[Leon Kruczkowski|Kruczkowski]] with a slew of prominent signatories, declared full support to persecution of religious leaders by the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]]. Death sentences were not enforced, although Father Fudali died in unexplained circumstances,<ref name="IPN-Fudali">[http://www.ipn.gov.pl/ftp/wystawy/proces_kurii_krakowskiej/html/plansza04f.html Ks. Józef Fudali (1915–1955), kapłan Archidiecezji Krakowskiej.] ''[[Institute of National Remembrance]]''. Retrieved 11 October 2011.</ref><ref name="canadafreepress.com">David Dastych, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301140104/http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/dastych011007.htm "Devil's Choice. High-ranking Communist Agents in the Polish Catholic Church."] ''Canada Free Press'' (CFP), 10 January 2007.</ref><ref name="naszawitryna.pl">Dr Stanisław Krajski, [http://www.naszawitryna.pl/jedwabne_779.html "Zabić księży."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914225245/http://www.naszawitryna.pl/jedwabne_779.html |date=14 September 2011 }} ''Katolicka Gazeta Internetowa'', 1 December 2001.</ref> as had 37 other priest and 54 friars already before 1953.<ref name="Marecki">Józef Marecki, [http://www.teologiapolityczna.pl/assets/stories/okladki_ksiazek/zakony.pdf Kościół w Okowach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425113146/http://www.teologiapolityczna.pl/assets/stories/okladki_ksiazek/zakony.pdf |date=25 April 2012 }}, page 14. ''[[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]]'', Wydawnictwo "WAM", Kraków 2009. {{nowrap|PDF 385 KB.}}</ref> Likewise, writer [[Kazimierz Moczarski]] from [[Armia Krajowa]] (the Home Army), tortured in jail by [[Roman Romkowski|Romkowski's]] subordinates for several years and sentenced to death, was pardoned and released only [[Polish October|at the end]] of this period.<ref name="SC-MK">Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&pg=PA378  ''Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression''.] The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, ''[[Harvard University Press]]'', 1999, 858 pages. {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}. Pages 377–378.</ref>