Editing Polish language (section)

==Loanwords from Polish in other languages==
{{See also|List of English words of Polish origin}}
[[File:Fishing - The Noun Project.svg|thumb|right|There are numerous words in both Polish and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish (Jewish)]] languages which are near-identical due to the large Jewish minority that once inhabited Poland. One example is the [[fishing rod]], {{lang|yi|ווענטקע|italic=no}} ({{Lang|yi-latn|ventke}}), borrowed directly from Polish {{Lang|pl|wędka}}.]]
The Polish language has influenced others. Particular influences appear in other Slavic languages and in [[History of the Germans in Poland|German]]&nbsp;— due to their proximity and shared borders.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Polish|first1=Katarzyna|last1=Dziubalska-Kołaczyk|first2=Bogdan|last2=Walczak|date=28 November 2018|journal=Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire|volume=88|issue=3|pages=817–840|doi=10.3406/rbph.2010.7805|s2cid=240815177 }}</ref> Examples of loanwords include German {{lang|de|Grenze}} (border),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://realpoland.eu/polish-language/|title=Polish Language|website=RealPoland|access-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424171100/https://realpoland.eu/polish-language/|archive-date=2019-04-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Afrikaans]] {{lang|nl|grens}} from Polish {{Lang|pl|granica}}; German {{lang|de|Peitzker}} from Polish {{Lang|pl|piskorz}} (weatherfish); German {{lang|de|Zobel}}, French {{lang|fr|zibeline}}, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|sv|sobel}}, and English ''sable'' from Polish {{Lang|pl|soból}}; and {{Lang|pl|[[ogonek]]}} ("little tail")&nbsp;— the word describing a diacritic hook-sign added below some letters in various alphabets. The common [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] word ''[[quartz]]'' comes from the dialectical [[Old Polish]] ''kwardy''. "[[:pl:Szmata|Szmata]]," a Polish, Slovak and [[Rusyn language|Ruthenian]] word for "mop" or "rag", became part of [[Yiddish]]. The Polish language exerted significant lexical influence upon [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], particularly in the fields of abstract and technical terminology; for example, the Ukrainian word {{lang|uk|панство}} {{lang|uk-latn|panstvo}} (country) is derived from Polish {{lang|pl|państwo}}.<ref name="Timothy Shopen-1987">{{cite book |author= Timothy Shopen |title= Languages and Their Status |year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-8122-1249-5 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zIJu4xAFcIwC |page= 132 |access-date= 13 November 2019 |archive-date= 27 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240427103922/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIJu4xAFcIwC |url-status= live }}</ref> The Polish influence on Ukrainian is particularly marked on western Ukrainian dialects in western Ukraine, which for centuries was under Polish cultural domination.<ref name="Timothy Shopen-1987" /><ref name="Swan-2002"/><ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983"/><ref>{{Cite book |author= Brian D. Joseph |title= Historical Linguistics |year= 1999 |publisher= Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VqIbAQAAIAAJ |page= 165 |access-date= 13 November 2019 |archive-date= 27 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240427103948/https://books.google.com/books?id=VqIbAQAAIAAJ |url-status= live }}</ref>

There are a substantial number of Polish words which officially became part of Yiddish, once the main language of European [[Jews]]. These include basic items, objects or terms such as a [[Bun|bread bun]] (Polish {{Lang|pl|bułka}}, Yiddish {{lang|yi|בולקע|italic=no}} {{Lang|yi-latn|bulke}}), a [[fishing rod]] ({{Lang|pl|wędka}}, {{lang|yi|ווענטקע|italic=no}} {{Lang|yi-latn|ventke}}), an [[oak]] ({{Lang|pl|dąb}}, {{lang|yi|דעמב|italic=no}} {{Lang|yi-latn|demb}}), a [[meadow]] ({{Lang|pl|łąka}}, {{lang|yi|לאָנקע|italic=no}} {{Lang|yi-latn|lonke}}), a [[moustache]] ({{Lang|pl|wąsy}}, {{lang|yi|וואָנצעס|italic=no}} {{Lang|yi-latn|vontses}}) and a [[bladder]] ({{Lang|pl|pęcherz}}, {{lang|yi|פּענכער|italic=no}} {{Lang|yi-latn|penkher}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/how-much-polish-is-there-in-yiddish-and-how-much-yiddish-is-there-in-polish|title=How Much Polish Is There in Yiddish (and How Much Yiddish Is There in Polish)?|first=Mikołaj|last=Gliński|date=7 December 2015|website=Culture.pl|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164732/https://culture.pl/en/article/how-much-polish-is-there-in-yiddish-and-how-much-yiddish-is-there-in-polish|url-status=live}}</ref>

Quite a few culinary loanwords exist in German and in other languages, some of which describe distinctive features of Polish cuisine. These include German and English {{lang|de|[[Quark (dairy product)|Quark]]}} from {{Lang|pl|twaróg}} (a kind of fresh cheese) and German {{lang|de|Gurke}}, English ''gherkin'' from {{Lang|pl|ogórek}} (cucumber). The word {{Lang|pl|[[pierogi]]}} (Polish dumplings) has spread internationally, as well as {{Lang|pl|[[pączki]]}} (Polish donuts)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/2015/2/17/8055779/paczki-fat-tuesday-detroit-chicago|title=What Are Paczki and Why Is Everyone Freaking Out About Them?|website=Eater|first=Lucas|last=Peterson|date=27 February 2017|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210628/https://www.eater.com/2015/2/17/8055779/paczki-fat-tuesday-detroit-chicago|url-status=live}}</ref> and kiełbasa (sausage, e.g. {{lang|eo|kolbaso}} in [[Esperanto]]). As far as {{Lang|pl|pierogi}} concerned, the original Polish word is already in plural (sing. {{Lang|pl|pieróg}}, plural {{Lang|pl|pierogi}}; stem {{Lang|pl|pierog-}}, plural ending {{Lang|pl|-i}}; NB. {{Lang|pl|o}} becomes {{Lang|pl|ó}} in a closed syllable, like here in singular), yet it is commonly used with the English plural ending ''-s'' in Canada and United States of America, ''pierogis'', thus making it a "double plural". A similar situation happened with the Polish loanword from English {{Lang|pl|czipsy}} ("potato chips")—from English ''chips'' being already plural in the original (''chip'' + ''-s''), yet it has obtained the Polish plural ending {{Lang|pl|-y}}{{efn|name=chip|However, the word ''chip'' (or in the Polish spelling: ''czip''; in the plural – ''chipy'' or ''czipy'') in Polish means only an [[integrated circuit]].}}.

It is believed that the English word ''[[spruce]]'' was derived from ''Prusy'', the Polish name for the region of [[Prussia]]. It became ''spruce'' because in Polish, ''z Prus'', sounded like "spruce" in English (transl. "from [[Prussia]]") and was a generic term for commodities brought to England by [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] merchants and because the tree was believed to have come from Polish Ducal Prussia.<ref name="etymonline"/> However, it can be argued that the word is actually derived from the [[Old French]] term ''Pruce'', meaning literally Prussia.<ref name="etymonline">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/spruce |title=spruce – Origin and meaning of spruce |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164546/https://www.etymonline.com/word/spruce |url-status=live }}</ref>