Editing Pipe organ (section)

===Console===
{{Main|Organ console}}
[[File:Usnaconsole2.jpg|thumb|The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the [[Naval Academy Chapel|United States Naval Academy Chapel]] crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc.{{efn|Organ built by [[M. P. Moller]], 1940.<ref>[http://www.usna.edu/Music/Accessable/organ.html USNA Music Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106213802/http://www.usna.edu/Music/Accessable/organ.html |date=6 November 2008 }}. [[United States Naval Academy]]. Retrieved on 4 March 2008.</ref>}}]]

The controls available to the organist, including the [[#Keyboards|keyboards]], [[#Couplers|couplers]], [[#Enclosure and expression pedals|expression pedals]], stops, and [[#Combination action|registration aids]] are accessed from the console.<ref>[http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html Pipe Organ Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801202709/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html |date=1 August 2008 }}. [http://www.agohq.org/ American Guild of Organists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000706193712/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html |date=6 July 2000 }}. Retrieved on 13 August 2008.</ref> The console is either built into the [[#Casing|organ case]] or detached from it.

====Keyboards====
Keyboards played by the hands are known as ''[[manual (music)|manuals]]'' (from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''{{lang|la|[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manus mănus]}}'', meaning "hand"). The keyboard played by the feet is a ''[[Pedal keyboard|pedalboard]]'' (from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''{{lang|la|[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pes#Latin pēs], pĕdis}}'', meaning "foot"). Every organ has at least one manual (most have two or more), and most have a pedalboard. Each keyboard is named for a particular division of the organ (a group of ranks) and generally controls only the stops from that division. The [[range (music)|range]] of the keyboards has varied widely across time and between countries. Most current specifications call for two or more manuals with sixty-one notes (five octaves, from C to c″″) and a pedalboard with thirty or thirty-two notes (two and a half octaves, from C to f′ or g′).{{efn||name=Helmholtz}}<ref>[http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_5_5/frameset01.html Pipe Organ Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154656/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_5_5/frameset01.html |date=27 September 2007 }}. [[American Guild of Organists]]. Retrieved on 25 June 2007.</ref>

====Couplers====
A ''coupler'' allows the stops of one division to be played from the keyboard of another division. For example, a coupler labelled "Swell to Great" allows the stops drawn in the Swell division to be played on the Great manual. This coupler is a unison coupler, because it causes the pipes of the Swell division to sound at the same pitch as the keys played on the Great manual. Coupling allows stops from different divisions to be combined to create various tonal effects. It also allows every stop of the organ to be played simultaneously from one manual.<ref name="crumhorn">{{cite web|title=A brief tour of a pipe organ |publisher=Crumhorn Labs |url=http://www.crumhorn-labs.com/Documentation/CurrentUserGuide/HTML/HauptwerkInstallUserGuideFiles/TourOfAPipeOrgan.html |access-date=19 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410182430/http://www.crumhorn-labs.com/Documentation/CurrentUserGuide/HTML/HauptwerkInstallUserGuideFiles/TourOfAPipeOrgan.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 }}</ref>

''Octave couplers'', which add the pipes an octave above (super-octave) or below (sub-octave) each note that is played, may operate on one division only (for example, the Swell super octave, which adds the octave above what is played on the Swell to itself), or act as a coupler to another keyboard (for example, the Swell super-octave to Great, which adds to the Great manual the ranks of the Swell division an octave above what is played).<ref name="crumhorn"/>

In addition, larger organs may use ''[[unison]] off'' couplers, which prevent the stops pulled in a particular division from sounding at their normal pitch. These can be used in combination with octave couplers to create innovative aural effects, and can also be used to rearrange the order of the manuals to make specific pieces easier to play.<ref name="crumhorn"/>

====Enclosure and expression pedals====
{{Main|Expression pedal}}
[[File:Salemer Münster Orgel Spieltisch und Pedal.jpg|thumb|The console of the organ in [[Salem Abbey|Salem Minster]] in [[Salem, Bodensee|Salem]], Germany.{{efn|Organ built by Wilhelm Schwarz, 1901}} The expression pedal is visible directly above the pedalboard.]]

''Enclosure'' refers to a system that allows for the [[Dynamics (music)|control of volume]] without requiring the addition or subtraction of stops. In a two-manual organ with Great and Swell divisions, the Swell will be enclosed. In larger organs, parts or all of the Choir and Solo divisions may also be enclosed.<ref name="swell">Wicks "Swell division", "Swell shades".</ref> The pipes of an enclosed division are placed in a chamber generally called the ''swell box''. At least one side of the box is constructed from horizontal or vertical palettes known as ''swell shades'', which operate in a similar way to [[Window blind|Venetian blinds]]; their position can be adjusted from the console. When the swell shades are open, more sound is heard than when they are closed.<ref name="swell"/>  Sometimes the shades are exposed, but they are often concealed behind a row of facade-pipes or a grill.

The most common method of controlling the louvers is the [[Expression pedal#Balanced swell pedal|balanced swell pedal]]. This device is usually placed above the centre of the pedalboard and is configured to rotate away from the organist from a near-vertical position (in which the shades are closed) to a near-horizontal position (in which the shades are open).<ref>Wicks "Expression pedals".</ref> An organ may also have a similar-looking [[crescendo pedal]], found alongside any expression pedals. Pressing the crescendo pedal forward cumulatively activates the stops of the organ, starting with the softest and ending with the loudest; pressing it backward reverses this process.<ref>Wicks "Crescendo pedal".</ref>

====Combination action====
{{Main|Combination action}}
Organ stops can be combined in many permutations, resulting in a great variety of sounds. A combination action can be used to switch instantly from one combination of stops (called a ''registration'') to another. Combination actions feature small buttons called ''pistons'' that can be pressed by the organist, generally located beneath the keys of each manual (thumb pistons) or above the pedalboard (toe pistons).<ref>[http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_16_17/frameset01.html Pipe Organ Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707005342/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_16_17/frameset01.html |date=7 July 2010 }}. [http://www.agohq.org/ American Guild of Organists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000706193712/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html |date=6 July 2000 }}. Retrieved on 13 August 2008.</ref> The pistons may be ''divisional'' (affecting only a single division) or ''general'' (affecting all the divisions), and are either preset by the organ builder or can be altered by the organist. Modern combination actions operate via computer memory, and can store several channels of registrations.<ref>[http://www.toff.org.uk/CONSOLE/electronicsetter.html Electronic setter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511210128/http://www.toff.org.uk/CONSOLE/electronicsetter.html |date=11 May 2009 }}. The Cinema Organ Society. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.
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