Editing Pink noise (section)

=== Humans ===
In [[brains]], pink noise has been widely observed across many temporal and physical scales from [[ion channel]] gating to [[EEG]] and [[Magnetoencephalography|MEG]] and [[Local field potential|LFP]] recordings in humans.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Destexhe |first1=Alain |title=Local Field Potentials: LFP |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_548-2 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience |pages=1–12 |editor-last=Jaeger |editor-first=Dieter |access-date=2023-07-26 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_548-2 |isbn=978-1-4614-7320-6 |last2=Bédard |first2=Claude |s2cid=243735998 |editor2-last=Jung |editor2-first=Ranu}}</ref> In clinical EEG, deviations from this 1/f pink noise can be used to identify [[epilepsy]], even in the absence of a [[seizure]], or during the interictal state.<ref name="Kerr-2012">{{Cite journal
 | volume = 53
 | issue = 11
 | pages = e189–e192
 | author = Kerr, W.T. 
|display-authors=etal
 | title = Automated diagnosis of epilepsy using EEG power spectrum
 | journal = Epilepsia
 | year = 2012
 | doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03653.x |pmc=3447367
| pmid = 22967005
 }}</ref> Classic models of EEG generators suggested that dendritic inputs in [[gray matter]] were principally responsible for generating the 1/f power spectrum observed in EEG/MEG signals.  However, recent computational models using [[cable theory]] have shown that [[action potential]] transduction along [[white matter]] tracts in the brain also generates a 1/f spectral density.  Therefore, white matter signal transduction may also contribute to pink noise measured in scalp EEG recordings, <ref name="Douglas-2019">{{Cite book
 | author = Douglas, PK
|title=2019 7th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
 |chapter=Reconsidering Spatial Priors in EEG Source Estimation : Does White Matter Contribute to EEG Rhythms?
 |display-authors=etal
 | publisher = IEEE 
 |year = 2019
 |pages=1–12
 | doi =10.1109/IWW-BCI.2019.8737307|arxiv=2111.08939
 |isbn=978-1-5386-8116-9
 |s2cid=195064621
 }}</ref>
particularly if the effects of ephaptic coupling are taken into consideration.<ref name="Douglas-2024">{{Cite book
 | author = Douglas, PK |author2= Blair, G.
 |title=2024 12th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
 |chapter=Towards a white matter ephaptic coupling model of 1/f spectra
 |display-authors=etal
 | publisher = IEEE 
 |year = 2024
 |pages=1–3
 | doi =10.1109/BCI60775.2024.10480498
 }}</ref> 

It has also been successfully applied to the modeling of [[mental representation|mental states]] in [[psychology]],<ref name="cognitive_2003">{{Cite journal
 | volume = 132
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 331–350
 | author = Van Orden, G.C. |author2=Holden, J.G. |author3=Turvey, M.T.
 | title = Self-organization of cognitive performance
 | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
 | year = 2003
 | doi = 10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.331
| pmid = 13678372
 }}</ref> and used to explain stylistic variations in music from different cultures and historic periods.<ref>Pareyon, G. (2011). ''On Musical Self-Similarity'', International Semiotics Institute & University of Helsinki. {{cite web
     | title = On Musical Self-Similarity
     | url = https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/29824/Pareyon_Dissertation.pdf?sequence=2
}}</ref> Richard F. Voss and J. Clarke claim that almost all musical melodies, when each successive note is plotted on a scale of [[pitch (music)|pitches]], will tend towards a pink noise spectrum.<ref name="Kuittinen">{{cite web| url = http://mlab.uiah.fi/~eye/mediaculture/noise.html| title = Noise in Man-generated Images and Sound}}</ref> Similarly, a generally pink distribution pattern has been observed in [[Shot (filmmaking)|film shot]] length by researcher [[James E. Cutting]] of [[Cornell University]], in the study of 150 popular movies released from 1935 to 2005.<ref>Anger, Natalie (March 1, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/science/02angi.html "Bringing New Understanding to the Director's Cut"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on March 3, 2010. See also [http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/02/04/0956797610361679.full.pdf+html original study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124170244/http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/02/04/0956797610361679.full.pdf+html |date=2013-01-24 }}</ref>

Pink noise has also been found to be endemic in human response. Gilden et al. (1995) found extremely pure examples of this noise in the time series formed upon iterated production of temporal and spatial intervals.<ref name="Gilden-1995">{{cite journal
      | author = Gilden, David L |author2=Thornton, T |author3=Mallon, MW
      | year = 1995
      | title = 1/''ƒ'' Noise in Human Cognition
      | journal = Science
      | volume = 267
      | pages = 1837–1839
      | doi = 10.1126/science.7892611
      | pmid = 7892611
 | issn = 0036-8075
      | issue = 5205
      |bibcode = 1995Sci...267.1837G }}</ref> Later, Gilden (1997) and Gilden (2001) found that time series formed from [[reaction time]] measurement and from iterated two-alternative forced choice also produced pink noises.<ref name="Gilden-1997">{{cite journal
      | author = Gilden, D. L. 
      | year = 1997
      | title = Fluctuations in the time required for elementary decisions
      | journal = Psychological Science
      | volume = 8
      | pages = 296–301
      | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00441.x
      | issue = 4
      | s2cid = 145051976
 }}</ref><ref name="Gilden-2001">{{cite journal
      | author = Gilden, David L
      | year = 2001
      | title = Cognitive Emissions of 1/''ƒ'' Noise
      | journal = [[Psychological Review]]
      | volume = 108
      | pages = 33–56
      | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.33
      | issn = 0033-295X
      | issue = 1
      | pmid = 11212631
 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.136.1992
      }}</ref>