Editing Philip II of Spain (section)

===King of England and Ireland===
[[File:Philip II.jpg|thumb|Titian's [[Philip II in Armour|portrait]] of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour]]
[[File:Philip & Mary Irish groat 602446.jpg|thumb|left|Irish [[Groat (coin)|groat]] with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits]]
Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen [[Mary I of England]], Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], to him. Their [[Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain|marriage]] at [[Winchester Cathedral]] on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor [[Stephen Gardiner]] and the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon|Edward Courtenay]].

Under the terms of the [[Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain]], Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Parliament]], were to be dated with both their names, and [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions".<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Adams |editor-first1=George Burton |editor-last2=Stephens |editor-first2=H. Morse |chapter=An Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain |title=Select Documents of English Constitutional History |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/documentsofengli00adamiala#page/282/mode/2up |date=1901 |publisher=MacMillan |page=284 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.<ref name="Montrose">Louis Adrian Montrose, ''The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation'', University of Chicago Press, 2006</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berenguer |first=Gonzalo Velasco |url=https://brill.com/display/title/56814 |title=Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (1554–1558) |date=2023 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-53621-0 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}} As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.<ref name=Montrose/><ref name="Pollard">A. F. Pollard, ''The History of England – From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603)'', Read Books, 2007</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<ref name="Groot">Wim de Groot, ''The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557)'', Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

[[File:Felipe of Spain and MariaTudor.jpg|thumb|left|Philip and Mary I of England, 1558]]

Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the [[Parliament of Ireland]]<ref name="Edwards">Robert Dudley Edwards, ''Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation'', Taylor & Francis, 1977</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}} and England.<ref>[[Treason Act 1554]]</ref> Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.<ref name=Montrose/> The [[coat of arms of England]] was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.<ref name="Marks">Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; ''British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800''; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<ref name="ANA">''The Numismatist'', American Numismatic Association, 1971</ref> During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the [[Siege of Calais (1558)|loss of Calais]], England's last remaining possession in France.

Philip's wife had succeeded to the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], but the title of [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|King of Ireland]] had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, [[Henry VIII]], after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, [[Pope Paul IV]] rectified this by issuing a [[papal bull]] recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|author=Francois Velde|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#bull1555|title=Text of 1555 Bull|publisher=Heraldica.org|date=25 July 2003|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> [[County Offaly|King's County]] and [[Daingean|Philipstown]] in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: ''Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol''.

However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman [[Catholic Church in England]].{{citation needed|reason=source and page needed for this exact assertion. The English schism was lifted by 1554 and Sarum use was restored in her reign which is written as being a reversion to Catholicism on the Mary I page|date=May 2025}} With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient [[English claims to the French throne]]) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France.

Philip's great-grandson, [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], married [[Princess Henrietta of England]] in 1661; in 1807, the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child [[Anne Marie d'Orléans]].