Editing Peru (section)

==Government and politics==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] with a multi-party system.<ref name="Draft" /><ref name="Dual" /> The country has maintained a [[Liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[Constitution of Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government|title=Peru: Government|website=globaledge.msu.edu|language=en-us|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also a [[Unitary state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[administrative division]]s. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[Supreme court]], and a [[presidential system]]) and the [[Government of China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[premier]] and [[Minister (government)|ministry system]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|pages=1–12|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Peruvian government is [[Separation of powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Serra|first=Diego|title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |date=30 August 2019|chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml|pages=142–162|doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016|isbn=9781788978644|s2cid=203215051|language=en-US|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Executive: the president, the [[Cabinet of Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[President of the Council of Ministers of Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[Real Audiencia of Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[Superior Courts of Justice of Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[trial court]]s, and 1,838 [[district court]]s.

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.</ref> The president appoints [[Council of Ministers of Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[Prime Minister of Peru|prime minister]], into the [[Cabinet of Peru|Cabinet]].<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.</ref> The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hildebrancht|first=Martha|title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo)|year=2003|location=Lima|pages=37}}</ref> The president is also able to pose [[Motion of confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis|1992]] by [[Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[2019–20 Peruvian constitutional crisis|2019]] by [[Martín Vizcarra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[administrative division]]s, determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.</ref> Bills are proposed by the executive and [[Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[Plurality voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.</ref> The judiciary is nominally independent,<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.</ref> though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.<ref>Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</ref> The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[motion of no confidence]], [[censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[convict]] executives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument|title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica|website=www2.congreso.gob.pe|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|arxiv=1510.01002|s2cid=15837465|issn=2051-1310|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to broadly interpreted [[impeachment]] wording in the [[Constitution of Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress.<ref name="PROFE92" /><ref name="Taj-2021" /><ref name="Reuters-2021" /><ref name="Tegel-2021" /> In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[Resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[Martín Vizcarra]] was [[Removal of Martín Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |date=28 February 2023 |language=es |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |date=25 February 2023 |language=es |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Lima Peru - City of kings - Congress.jpg|thumb|The [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of Peru]], in Lima|alt=]]
Peru's [[electoral system]] uses [[compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[Multiple citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[Peruvians]] abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brennan|first1=Jason|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against|last2=Hill|first2=Lisa|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04151-6|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|url-status=live}}</ref> Members of Congress are [[directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[Proportional representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[Vice President of Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[two-round system]].<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.</ref> Elections are observed and organized by the [[National Jury of Elections]], [[National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html|title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems|website=pdba.georgetown.edu|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peru uses a [[multi-party system]] for [[congress]]ional and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[economic liberalism]], [[progressivism]], [[right-wing populism]] (specifically [[Fujimorism]]), [[nationalism]], and [[reformism]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp |date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.</ref>

The [[2021 Peruvian general election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> A presidential runoff between [[Pedro Castillo]] and [[Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===
{{main|Corruption in Peru}}
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[death squad]]s that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[Odebrecht Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.<ref>{{cite news |title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html |work=The Week |language=en |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1 |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2020 |language=en |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]] |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Imageframe|width=450|content= {{Peru Labelled Area Map}} <!--map text is jumbled on mobile--> |caption=Clickable map of the regions of Peru|link=Image:Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png |align=right}}
{{main|Administrative divisions of Peru}}
Peru is divided into 26 units: [[Regions of Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[Lima Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[Capital city|country's capital]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected "regional"{{efn|name=e|The government in each department is referred to as "regional" governments despite being departments.}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[Regions of Peru|regional council]].<ref>''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales|title=Gobierno del Perú|website=www.gob.pe|language=es|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales|url-status=live}}</ref>

The governor constitutes the [[Executive (government)|executive body]], proposes [[budget]]s, and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live}}</ref> The Regional Council, the region's [[Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.<ref>''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schönwälder|first=Gerd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&q=peru+government&pg=PP1|title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992|year=2002|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-02379-3|language=en|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&q=peru+government&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Provinces such as [[Lima]] are administered by a [[municipal council]], headed by a mayor.<ref>''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.</ref> The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation|title=Mixed Feelings|author1=Monika Huber|author2=Wolfgang Kaiser|date=February 2013|publisher=dandc.eu|access-date=8 May 2013|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|s2cid=14763370|issn=0047-2727|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[List of metropolitan areas of Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[List of metropolitan areas in the Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

===Foreign relations===
{{main|Foreign relations of Peru}}
[[File:Perú asume Presidencia Pro Témpore de la Comunidad Andina.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The headquarters of the [[Andean Community]] is located in Lima.]]
Over recent decades, [[Foreign relations of Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|jstor=166073|issn=0022-1937}}</ref> particularly through the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[Pacific Alliance]], [[Mercosur]], and the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS).<ref name="John" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lincoln|first1=Jennie K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&pg=PT150|title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s|last2=Ferris|first2=Elizabeth G.|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-31605-6|language=en|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&pg=PT150|url-status=live}}</ref>
Peru is an active member of several [[Trade bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A.|title=Regional Integration in Latin America |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |date=30 May 2019|volume=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001|isbn=978-1-78973-160-6|s2cid=181395804}}</ref> [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/|title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership|author=Alonso Morán de Romaña|date=25 January 2018|website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx|title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed|website=andina.pe|date=2 July 2014 |language=es|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Peru is a member of the [[World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[United States - Peru Trade Promotion Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[European Union free trade agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&volume=7&issue=1and2&article=004|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&volume=7&issue=1and2&article=004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[Organization of American States]], [[Mercosur]], the [[Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[Pacific Alliance]], and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[Chile–Peru relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.<ref>BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm |date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</ref>

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[Lima Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng|title=Lima Group statement|author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada|date=29 August 2019|website=GAC|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Military and law enforcement===
{{main|Peruvian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Peruvian Naval Infantry|Peruvian marines]] in the [[Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro|VRAEM]] in 2019]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[Peruvian Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135|title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica|website=RPP|date=29 July 2017|language=es|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135|url-status=live}}</ref> Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.<ref name="Williams 1972 43–60" />

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[air defense]]. It also participates in [[Peace movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[air base]]s are located in the cities of [[Piura]], [[Callao]], [[Arequipa]] and [[Iquitos]].
*The [[Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[President of Peru|commander in chief]], [[Ministry of Defense (Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.<ref>Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.</ref> [[Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[voluntary military service]].<ref>''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.</ref> The [[National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|date=1994|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|jstor=45197485|issn=8755-3449}}</ref><ref name="Williams 1972 43–60" />

Since the end of the [[Internal conflict in Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|jstor=2600575|issn=0020-8833}}</ref> In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[quarantine]] measures placed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|url-status=live}}</ref>