Editing Pantothenic acid (section)

==Animal nutrition==

Calcium pantothenate and dexpanthenol (D-panthenol) are European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approved additives to animal feed.<ref name=eu /> Supplementation is on the order of 8–20&nbsp;mg/kg for pigs, 10–15&nbsp;mg/kg for poultry, 30–50&nbsp;mg/kg for fish and 8–14&nbsp;mg/kg feed for pets. These are recommended concentrations, designed to be higher than what are thought to be requirements.<ref name=eu /> There is some evidence that feed supplementation increases pantothenic acid concentration in tissues, i.e., meat, consumed by humans, and also for eggs, but this raises no concerns for consumer safety.<ref name=eu />

No dietary requirement for pantothenic acid has been established in ruminant species. Synthesis of pantothenic acid by [[Rumen|ruminal]] microorganisms appears to be 20 to 30 times more than dietary amounts.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ragaller V, Lebzien P, Südekum KH, Hüther L, Flachowsky G |title=Pantothenic acid in ruminant nutrition: a review |journal=Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=6–16 |date=February 2011 |pmid=20579186 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01004.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Net microbial synthesis of pantothenic acid in the rumen of steer calves has been estimated to be 2.2&nbsp;mg/kg of digestible organic matter consumed per day. Supplementation of pantothenic acid at 5 to 10 times theoretical requirements did not improve growth performance of feedlot cattle.<ref>{{cite book | author = National Research Council | date = 2001 |pages=162–177| title = Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle | edition = 7th | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | location = Washington, DC }}</ref>