Editing Pantheism (section)

==Categorizations==
There are multiple varieties of pantheism<ref name=Worman/><ref name="Stanford">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Levine|first=Michael|title=Pantheism|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2020}}</ref>{{rp|3}} and various systems of classifying them relying upon one or more spectra or in discrete categories.

===Degree of determinism===
The philosopher [[Charles Hartshorne]] used the term [[Classical Pantheism]] to describe the [[deterministic]] philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philosophers Speak of God|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp|url-access=limited|year=1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp/page/n182 165]–210|editor=Charles Hartshorne and William Reese}}</ref> Pantheism (All-is-God) is often associated with [[monism]] (All-is-One) and some have suggested that it logically implies determinism (All-is-Now).<ref name=Plumptre/><ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite book|last=Goldsmith|first=Donald|title=E = Einstein: His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture|year=2006|publisher=Stirling Publishing|location=New York|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGzcV40b3IkC&pg=PA187|author2=Marcia Bartusiak|isbn=9781402763199}}</ref><ref>F.C. Copleston, "Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists," Philosophy 21, 1946, p. 48.</ref><ref>Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, "Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society, Volumes 43–44", 1889, p. 285.</ref><ref>John Ferguson, "The Religions of the Roman Empire", Cornell University Press, 1970, p. 193.</ref> Albert Einstein explained [[theological determinism]] by stating,<ref>{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|title=Einstein: His Life and Universe|year=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa/page/391 391] |quote=I am a determinist.|isbn=9781416539322}}</ref> "the past, present, and future are an 'illusion{{'"}}. This form of pantheism has been referred to as "extreme monism", in which{{spaced ndash}} in the words of one commentator{{spaced ndash}} "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions."<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion: Volume 10|year=2005|publisher=MacMillan|location=USA|isbn=978-0028657332|edition=2nd|editor=Lindsay Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2}}</ref> Other examples of determinism-inclined pantheisms include those of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]],<ref>Dependence and Freedom: The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell by David Wayne Haddorff [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL6_maZuNjYC&pg=PA156] Emerson's belief was "monistic determinism".

* Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology by Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn, Prometheus ((Writer)) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZiLIEQzgHcC&pg=PA28] "Things are in a saddle, and ride mankind."
* Emerson's position is "soft determinism" (a variant of determinism) [https://archive.org/details/emersonsethics00vanc/page/145].
* "The 'fate' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism." (Fate is one of Emerson's essays) [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XhhYR2W6cC&pg=PA443].</ref> and Hegel.<ref>Hegel was a determinist" (also called a combatibilist a.k.a. soft determinist). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7tu1ZAJzl-sC&pg=PA226]

"Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism." [https://books.google.com/books?id=OF_0c51R_VUC&pg=PA238]</ref>

However, some have argued against treating every meaning of "unity" as an aspect of pantheism,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Michael P.|title=Pantheism, substance and unity|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion|date=August 1992|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–23|jstor=40036697|doi=10.1007/bf01313557|s2cid=170517621}}</ref> and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature. Examples include the beliefs of [[John Scotus Eriugena]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Moran |first1=Dermot |title=John Scottus Eriugena |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/scottus-eriugena/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2020-03-19 |last2=Guiu |first2=Adrian}}</ref> [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] and [[William James]].<ref>* Theories of the will in the history of philosophy by Archibald Alexander p. 307 Schelling holds "...that the will is not determined but self-determined." [https://archive.org/details/theorieswillinh00alexgoog/page/n319]
* The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p. 17 "[His] fight against determinism" "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." [https://books.google.com/books?id=-21UjntpjFkC&pg=PA17]
</ref>

===Degree of belief===
It may also be possible to distinguish two types of pantheism, one being more religious and the other being more philosophical. The Columbia Encyclopedia writes of the distinction:
:"If the pantheist starts with the belief that the one great reality, eternal and infinite, is God, he sees everything finite and temporal as but some part of God. There is nothing separate or distinct from God, for God is the universe. If, on the other hand, the conception taken as the foundation of the system is that the great inclusive unity is the world itself, or the universe, God is swallowed up in that unity, which may be designated nature."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pantheism|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pantheism|encyclopedia=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=13 June 2012|year=2012}}</ref>

===Form of monism===
[[File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png|thumb|right|A diagram with neutral monism compared to Cartesian dualism, physicalism and idealism]]
Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies [[monism]].<ref name="Deity1">{{cite book |last=Owen |first=H. P. |title=Concepts of Deity |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |date=1971 |page=67}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Different types of monism include:{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}<ref name=Schaffer>{{cite web |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism: The Priority of the Whole |url=http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/monism.pdf |website=johnathanschaeffer.org |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

# [[Substance theory|Substance]] monism, "the view that the apparent plurality of substances is due to different states or appearances of a single substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Attributive monism, "the view that whatever the number of substances, they are of a single ultimate kind".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Partial monism, "within a given realm of being (however many there may be) there is only one substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Existence monism, the view that there is only one concrete object [[Type–token distinction|token]] (The One, "Τὸ Ἕν" or the [[Monad (philosophy)|Monad]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=19 March 2007 |edition=Summer 2015 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/monism/}}</ref>
# Priority monism, "the whole is prior to its parts" or "the world has parts, but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole."<ref name="Schaffer"/>
# Property monism: the view that all properties are of a single type (e.g. only physical properties exist).
# Genus monism: "the doctrine that there is a highest category; e.g., being".<ref name="Schaffer"/>

Views contrasting with monism are:
* [[Dualistic cosmology|Metaphysical dualism]], which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil, for example, [[Manichaeism]].{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
* [[Pluralism (philosophy)|Metaphysical pluralism]], which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
* [[Nihilism]], negates any of the above categories (substances, properties, concrete objects, etc.).

Monism in modern [[philosophy of mind]] can be divided into three broad categories:
# [[Idealism]], phenomenalism, or [[Mentalism (psychology)|mentalistic]] monism, which holds that only mind or spirit is real.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
# [[Neutral monism]], which holds that one sort of thing fundamentally exists,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} to which both the mental and the physical can be reduced.
# [[Material monism]] (also called [[Physicalism]] and [[Materialism]]), which holds that only the physical is real, and that the mental or spiritual can be reduced to the physical:{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}
::a. [[Eliminative materialism]], according to which everything is physical and mental things do not exist.{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}
::b. [[Reductive physicalism]], according to which mental things do exist and are a kind of physical thing,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} Such as [[Behaviourism]], [[Type-identity theory]] and [[Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|Functionalism]].

Certain positions do not fit easily into the above categories, such as functionalism, [[anomalous monism]], and [[reflexive monism]]. Moreover, they do not define the meaning of "real".}}

For the [[Aztecs]] ''[[teotl]]'' was the metaphysical omnipresence creating the cosmos and all its contents ''from within'' itself as well as ''out of'' itself. This is conceptualized in a kind of monistic pantheism as manifest in the supreme god [[Ōmeteōtl|Ometeotl]], as well as a large pantheon of lesser gods and idealizations of natural phenomena.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maffie |first=James |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhkh2 |title=Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion |date=2014 |publisher=University Press of Colorado |jstor=j.ctt9qhkh2 |isbn=978-1-60732-222-1}}</ref>

===Other===
In 1896, J. H. Worman, a theologian, identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic (God the mechanical unity of existence); Ontological (fundamental unity, Spinoza); Dynamic; Psychical (God is the soul of the world); Ethical (God is the universal moral order, Fichte); Logical (Hegel); and Pure (absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism).<ref name=Worman/>

In 1984, [[Paul D. Feinberg]], professor of biblical and systematic theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, also identified seven: Hylozoistic; Immanentistic; Absolutistic monistic; Relativistic monistic; Acosmic; Identity of opposites; and Neoplatonic or emanationistic.<ref>''[[Evangelical Dictionary of Theology]]'', edited by Walter A. Elwell, p. 887.</ref>