Editing Ottoman military reforms (section)

== Reforms of Selim III ==
[[File:General Aubert Dubayet with French officers being received by the Grand Vizier in 1796.jpg|thumb|right|''General [[Aubert-Dubayet]] with his Military Mission being received by the Grand Vizier in 1796'', painting by [[Antoine-Laurent Castellan]].]]
[[File:Fortification built the Baron de Tott for the Ottoman Empire.jpg|thumb|right|A fortification built by the Baron de Tott for the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]].]]
When [[Selim III]] came to the throne in 1789, an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire. The sultan and those who surrounded him were conservative and desired to preserve the status quo. Selim III in 1789 to 1807 set up the "[[Nizam-i Cedid]]" [new order] army to replace the inefficient and outmoded imperial army. The old system depended on [[Janissaries]], who had largely lost their military effectiveness. Selim closely followed Western military forms. It would be expensive for a new army, so a new treasury ['Irad-i Cedid'] had to be established. The result was the Porte now had an efficient, European-trained army equipped with modern weapons. However it had fewer than 10,000 soldiers in an era when Western armies were ten to fifty times larger. Furthermore, the Sultan was upsetting the well-established traditional political powers. As a result it was rarely used, apart from its use against [[Napoleon|Napoléon Bonaparte's]] expeditionary force at [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Rosetta]] as well as quelling of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] at the [[battle of Deligrad]]. The new army was dissolved by reactionary elements with the overthrow of Selim in 1807, but it became the model of the [[Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye|new Ottoman Army]] created later in the 19th century.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw, "The Nizam-1 Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III 1789-1807." ''Oriens'' 18.1 (1966): 168-184 [http://psi427.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Shaw,%20Nizam-i%20Cedid%20(1966).pdf online].</ref><ref>David Nicolle, ''Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775-1820'' (Osprey, 1998).</ref>

=== Introduction of advisors ===
{{further|Franco-Ottoman alliance}}
Western military advisors were imported as advisors but their abilities to enact change were limited.  A parade of [[France|French]] officers were brought in, and none of them could do a great deal.  One example of an advisor who achieved limited success was the [[François Baron de Tott]], a French officer.  He did succeed in having a new foundry built to make artillery. He also directed the construction of a new naval base.  However it was almost impossible for him to divert soldiers from the regular army into the new units. The new ships and guns that made it into service were too few to have much of an influence on the Ottoman army and de Tott returned home. He was succeeded by a Scot known as [[Ingiliz Mustafa]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Publications de la Société d'histoire turque IV. sér |date=1944 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_jepX2dicUC&q=ingiliz+mustafa+1775 |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Deniz mektepleri tarihcʹesi: kitap. 1928-1939 |date=1941 |publisher=Deniz Matbaası |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyYZAAAAIAAJ&q=ingiliz+mustafa+1775 |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

When they had requested French help, General Bonaparte was to be sent to [[Constantinople]] in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery. He did not go, for just days before he was to embark for the Near East he proved himself useful to the [[French Directory|Directory]] by putting down a Parisian mob in the ''[[whiff of grapeshot]]'' and was kept in France.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8pwY3oyi_sC&pg=PA29 ''Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte'' p.29]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EKHSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4 ''History of Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, etc.'' by John Jacob Lehmanowsky p.4]</ref>