Editing Organized crime (section)

====Assault====
The commission of violent crime may form part of a criminal organization's 'tools' used to achieve criminogenic goals (for example, its threatening, authoritative, coercive, terror-inducing, or rebellious role), due to psycho-social factors (cultural conflict, aggression, rebellion against authority, access to illicit substances, counter-cultural dynamic), or may, in and of itself, be crime rationally chosen by individual criminals and the groups they form. [[Assault]]s are used for [[coercive]] measures, to "rough up" debtors, competition or recruits, in the commission of [[robbery|robberies]], in connection to other property offenses, and as an expression of counter-cultural authority;<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Geis | first1 = Gilbert |title=Violence and Organized Crime|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=1966|volume=364|issue=1|pages=86–95|doi=10.1177/000271626636400109|s2cid=145170178 | issn = 0002-7162 }}</ref> violence is normalized within criminal organizations (in direct opposition to mainstream society) and the locations they control.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Finckenauer | first1 = James O.  |title=Problems of definition: What is organized crime? |date=2005 |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s12117-005-1038-4 |journal=Trends in Organized Crime|pages=63–83|s2cid=144438868 | issn = 1084-4791 }}</ref>  Whilst the intensity of violence is dependent on the types of crime the organization is involved in (as well as their organizational structure or cultural tradition) aggressive acts range on a spectrum from low-grade physical assaults to [[Major trauma|major trauma assaults]]. Bodily harm and grievous bodily harm, within the context of organized crime, must be understood as indicators of intense social and cultural conflict, motivations contrary to the security of the public, and other psycho-social factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lynch |last2= Phillips |title=Organized Crime--Violence and Corruption |journal=Journal of Public Law |date=1971 |volume=20 |issue=59 |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/emlj20&div=10&id=&page= | issn = }}</ref>