Editing On the Origin of Species (section)

===Publication and subsequent editions===
''On the Origin of Species'' was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen [[shilling]]s with a first printing of 1250 copies.<ref name="dupree">{{cite book|last=Dupree|first=A. Hunter|year=1988|title=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-8018-3741-8|page=267}}</ref> The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for [[Stationers' Hall]] copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale.<ref name="Freeman 1977">{{harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref> Significantly, 500 were taken by [[Charles Edward Mudie|Mudie's Library]], ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=89}}</ref> The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860,<ref>{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=126 122]}}</ref> and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from [[Charles Kingsley]], and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence.<ref name=b95/> During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, ''An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species''.<ref>{{harvnb|Darwin|1861|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=20 xiii]}}</ref> In response to objections that the [[abiogenesis|origin of life]] was unexplained, Darwin pointed to acceptance of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|Newton's law]] even though the cause of gravity was unknown, and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibnitz]] had accused Newton of introducing "occult qualities & miracles".<ref name="old Darwin manuscript 2022">{{cite web | title=Science ahead of its time: Secret of 157-year old Darwin manuscript | website=[[National University of Singapore]] News | date=24 November 2022 | url=https://news.nus.edu.sg/secret-of-157-year-old-darwin-manuscript/ | access-date=25 November 2022}}<br/>{{cite web | website=Darwin Online |first=C. R. |last=Darwin|date=October 1865|title=Signed autograph paragraph from Origin of species 3d ed. for Hermann Kindt| url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=Sothebys-N11124&viewtype=side |quote=Introduction by John van Wyhe| access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63741207|title=Charles Darwin: Autographed document could fetch record price|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2022|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> The fourth edition in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "[[survival of the fittest]]", which had been coined by the philosopher [[Herbert Spencer]] in his ''Principles of Biology'' (1864).<ref name=sotf>"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." {{harvnb|Spencer|1864|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SRkRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA444 444–445]}}</ref>

In January 1871, [[George Jackson Mivart]]'s ''On the Genesis of Species'' listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false [[metaphysics]].<ref name=miv>{{harvnb|Mivart|1871}}</ref> Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the ''Origin'' (this was the first edition in which he used the word "[[evolution]]" which had commonly been associated with [[Prenatal development (biology)|embryological development]], though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=59}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1977|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=80&itemID=A1&viewtype=text 79–80]}}. "Evolution" in the transformist sense had been used by [[Charles Lyell]] in 1832, ''[[Principles of Geology]]'' vol 2, [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A505.2&pageseq=24 p. 11]; and was used by Darwin in ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' in 1871, [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=15 p. 2] onwards.</ref>), and added a new chapter VII, ''Miscellaneous objections'', to address Mivart's arguments.<ref name="Freeman 1977"/><ref name=6th>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=577, 582, 590, 592–593}}</ref>

The sixth edition was published by Murray on 19 February 1872 as ''The Origin of Species'', with "On" dropped from the title. Darwin had told Murray of working men in [[Lancashire]] clubbing together to buy the fifth edition at 15 shillings and wanted it made more widely available; the price was halved to 7[[Shilling|s]] 6[[Old pence|d]] by printing in a smaller [[font]]. It includes a glossary compiled by W.S. Dallas. Book sales increased from 60 to 250 per month.<ref name="titles" /><ref name=6th/>