Editing Olympic Games (section)

===Economic and social impact on host cities and countries===
Seeking a scholarly institution to independently research the Games, [[Bob Barney]] led efforts to establish the International Centre for Olympic Studies in 1989, endeavouring to write about [[Social environment|sociocultural impacts]] of the Olympic Games.<ref name="Cengel-2008">{{cite news|title=Olympics: beyond sports|last=Cengel|first=Katya|date=10 August 2008|newspaper=[[Courier Journal]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|page=E1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-olympics-2008/129824534/}}; {{cite news|title=Olympics (Continued from E1)|last=Cengel|first=Katya|date=10 August 2008|newspaper=[[Courier Journal]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|page=E2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-olympics-2008/129824430/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://baseballresearch.ca/directors/|title=Bob Barney|year=2023|website=Centre for Canadian Baseball Research|location=St. Mary's, Ontario|access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> He felt that the Olympics "is worthy of study because it is one of the biggest meetings in a global context and has many political, economic, and other problems associated with it".<ref name="Cengel-2008" /> He began ''Olympika'' in 1992, the first peer-reviewed academic journal focused on the Olympic Games.<ref name="CSSOR">{{cite web|url=https://www.cssor.org/speakers/robert-k-barney/|title=Robert K. Barney|year=2020|website=Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research|access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="CSSOR-2022">{{cite web|url=https://olympicstudies.org/robert-k-barney-graduate-student-essay-award/|title=Robert K. Barney Graduate Student Essay Award|date=1 November 2022|website=Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research|access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref> The [[International Society of Olympic Historians]] was founded in 1991, which publishes the ''Journal of Olympic History''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://isoh.org/about/|title=International Society of Olympic Historians|year=2023|website=[[International Society of Olympic Historians]]|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

Some economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games, emphasising that such "mega-events" often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/08/olympic-cities-everywhere/|title=Olympics Everywhere|date=August 2016|magazine=WIRED|department=Argument|page=19|type=Paper|quote=...hosting the Olympics is almost always a financial disaster for cities in the long term.... Indeed, economists are uncommonly unanimous that hosting the Olympics is a bad bet.|vauthors=Greenwell M}}</ref> Hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 January 2011|title=The Olympic Effect|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume=121|issue=553|pages=652–77|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02407.x|vauthors=Rose AK, Spiegel MM}}</ref> Research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a positive effect on the [[Corporate giving|philanthropic contributions of corporations]] headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. This effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards, though not permanently.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2013|title=Punctuated Generosity: How Mega-events and Natural Disasters Affect Corporate Philanthropy in U.S. Communities|ssrn=2028982|journal=[[Administrative Science Quarterly]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=111–48|doi=10.1177/0001839213475800|via=Social Science Research Network|vauthors=Tilcsik A, Marquis C|s2cid=18481039|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/42290/1/ASQ.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922021417/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/42290/1/ASQ.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Games have had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the [[Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions]] reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glynn|first=Mary Ann|year=2008|title=Configuring the Field of Play: How Hosting the Olympic Games Impacts Civic Community|journal=Journal of Management Studies|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1117–1146|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00785.x|s2cid=153973502}}</ref> The [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]] were the most expensive Olympic Games in history, costing in excess of US$50&nbsp;billion. According to a report by the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] released at the time of the games, the cost would not boost Russia's national economy, but could attract business to Sochi and the southern [[Krasnodar region]] of Russia as a result of improved services. But by December 2014, eight months after the games ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated that Sochi "now feels like a ghost town", citing the spread-out nature of the stadiums and arenas and the still-unfinished infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/17/sochi-olympics-legacy-city-feels-like-a-ghost-town|title=The Economic Impact Of The Winter Olympics: Not Great For Russia But Sochi Stands To Gain|date=17 December 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> At least four cities withdrew their bids for the [[2022 Winter Olympics]], citing the high costs or lack of local support,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3462070/olympics-winter-2022/|title=Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics|date=3 October 2014|magazine=Time|access-date=10 January 2014|first=Lisa|last=Abend}}</ref> resulting in only [[Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics|a two-city race]] between [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] and Beijing, China who hosted the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. ''The Guardian'' stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is few cities or countries want to host them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/27/biggest-threat-future-olympic-games-rio-2016-ioc-thomas-bach-hosts|title=Revealed: the biggest threat to the future of the Olympic Games|date=27 July 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Bidding for the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the IOC took the unusual step of [[Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics|simultaneously awarding]] both the 2024 Games to Paris and the [[2028 Summer Olympics|2028 Games]] to Los Angeles. Both of the bids were praised for high technical plans and innovative ways to use a record-breaking number of existing and temporary facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 September 2017|title=IOC makes historic decision by simultaneously awarding Olympic Games 2024 to Paris and 2028 to Los Angeles|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-makes-historic-decision-by-simultaneously-awarding-olympic-games-2024-to-paris-and-2028-to-los-angeles|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>