Editing Oat (section)

=== Genetics and breeding ===

Species of ''Avena'' can [[Hybridisation (biology)|hybridize]], and genes [[introgression|introgressed]] (brought in) from other "A" genome species have contributed many valuable traits, like resistance to [[oat crown rust]].<ref name="Ye-2021">{{Cite journal |issue=1 |year=2021 |volume=14 |pages=27–39 |last1=Ye |first1=Chu-Yu |last2=Fan |first2=Longjiang |s2cid=229342158 |doi=10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.013 |title=Orphan Crops and their Wild Relatives in the Genomic Era |journal=Molecular Plant |pmid=33346062 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maughan |first1=Peter J. |last2=Lee |first2=Rebekah |last3=Walstead |first3=Rachel |last4=Vickerstaff |first4=Robert J. |last5=Fogarty |first5=Melissa C. |last6=Brouwer |first6=Cory R. |last7=Reid |first7=Robert R. |last8=Jay |first8=Jeremy J. |last9=Bekele |first9=Wubishet A. |last10=Jackson |first10=Eric W. |last11=Tinker |first11=Nicholas A. |last12=Langdon |first12=Tim |last13=Schlueter |first13=Jessica A. |last14=Jellen |first14=Eric N. |display-authors=6 |title=Genomic insights from the first chromosome-scale assemblies of oat (''Avena'' spp.) diploid species |journal=[[BMC Biology]] |date=22 November 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=92 |s2cid=208225185 |doi=10.1186/s12915-019-0712-y |pmid=31757219 |pmc=6874827 |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{ Visible anchor |Pc98 }} is one such trait, introgressed from [[Avena sterilis CAV 1979|''A. sterilis'' CAV 1979]], conferring [[all stage resistance]] (ASR) against ''Pca''.<ref name="Park-2022a">{{cite journal |year=2022 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media |display-authors=6 |first13=D. |first12=L. |first11=S. |first10=J. |first9=E. |first8=E. |first7=J. |first6=M. |first5=J. |first4=J. |first3=A. |first2=W. |first1=R. |last13=Singh |last7=Fetch |last6=McMullen |last5=Martinelli |last4=Chong |last3=Cabral |last2=Boshoff |last12=Ziems |last11=Sowa |last10=Roake |last9=Prats |last8=Paczos |last1=Park |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |issn=0040-5752 |doi=10.1007/s00122-022-04121-z |title=Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen ''Puccinia coronata'' f. sp. ''avenae'': achievements and prospects |series=Breeding towards Agricultural Sustainability |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=3709–3734 |pmid=35665827 |pmc=9729147 |s2cid=249381794 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

It is possible to hybridize oats with grasses in other genera, allowing plant breeders the ready introgression of traits. In contrast to wheat, oats sometimes retain [[chromosomes]] from maize or [[pearl millet]] after such crosses. These wide crosses are typically made to generate [[doubled haploid]] breeding material; the rapid loss of the alien chromosomes from the unrelated pollen donor results in a plant with only a single set of chromosomes (a [[haploid]]).<ref name="Thondehaalmath-2021">{{Cite journal |year=2021 |issue=13 |volume=72 |last1=Thondehaalmath |first1=Tejas |last2=Kulaar |first2=Dilsher Singh |last3=Bondada |first3=Ramesh |last4=Maruthachalam |first4=Ravi |s2cid=242417200 |doi=10.1093/jxb/erab161 |pages=4646–4662 |title=Understanding and exploiting uniparental genome elimination in plants: insights from ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |pmid=33851980 |id=RB {{ORCID |0000-0002-8869-1947}}. RM {{ORCID |0000-0003-0036-3330}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |issn=0032-0889 |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=1216–1227 |last1=Kynast |first1=Ralf G. |last2=Riera-Lizarazu |first2=Oscar |last3=Vales |first3=M. Isabel |last4=Okagaki |first4=Ron J. |last5=Maquieira |first5=Silvia B. |last6=Chen |first6=Gang |last7=Ananiev |first7=Evgueni V |last8=Odland |first8=Wade E |last9=Russell |first9=Charles D. |last10=Stec |first10=Adrian O. |display-authors=6 |title=A complete set of maize individual chromosome additions to the oat genome |journal=[[Plant Physiology]] |date=2001 |doi=10.1104/pp.125.3.1216 |s2cid=22852580 |pmid=11244103 |pmc=65602 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |year=2017 |last1=Ishii |first1=Takayoshi |title=Oat |publisher=Springer |publication-place=New York |isbn=978-1-4939-6680-6 |pages=31–42 |s2cid=23707249 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-6682-0_3 |chapter=Wide Hybridization Between Oat and Pearl Millet |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |volume=1536 |pmid=28132141 }}</ref>

The addition lines with alien chromosomes can be used as a source for novel traits in oats. For example, research on oat-maize-addition lines has been used to map genes involved in [[C4 photosynthesis]]. To obtain [[Mendelian]] inheritance of these novel traits, [[Radiation hybrid mapping|radiation hybrid]] lines have been established, where maize chromosome segments have been introgressed into the oat genome. This potentially transfers thousands of genes from a species that is distantly related, but is not considered a [[GMO]] technique.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halford |first=Nigel G. |title=Legislation governing genetically modified and genome-edited crops in Europe: the need for change |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |date=15 January 2019 |pmid=29952140 |pmc=6492171 |bibcode=2019JSFA...99....8H |doi=10.1002/jsfa.9227 |issn=0022-5142 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=8–12 }}</ref>

A 2013 study applied [[simple sequence repeat]] and found five major groupings, namely commercial [[cultivar]]s and four [[landrace]] groups.<ref name="Riaz-2016" >{{ Cite journal |issue=3 |year=2016 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media |volume=64 |last1=Riaz |first1=Adnan |last2=Hathorn |first2=Adrian |last3=Dinglasan |first3=Eric |last4=Ziems |first4=Laura |last5=Richard |first5=Cecile |last6=Singh |first6=Dharmendra |last7=Mitrofanova |first7=Olga |last8=Afanasenko |first8=Olga |last9=Aitken |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Godwin |first10=Ian |last11=Hickey |first11=Lee |display-authors=6 |pages=531–544 |doi=10.1007/s10722-016-0380-5 |title=Into the vault of the Vavilov wheats: old diversity for new alleles |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |s2cid=254499298 |issn=0925-9864 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal |issue=6 |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |last1=Montilla-Bascón |first1=G. |last2=Sánchez-Martín |first2=J. |last3=Rispail |first3=N. |last4=Rubiales |first4=D. |last5=Mur |first5=L. |last6=Langdon |first6=T. |last7=Griffiths |first7=I. |last8=Howarth |first8=C. |last9=Prats |first9=E. |display-authors=6 |title=Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Among Oat Cultivars and Landraces |journal=Plant Molecular Biology Reporter |volume=31 |doi=10.1007/s11105-013-0598-8 |pages=1305–1314 |hdl=10261/95010 |s2cid=18581328 |hdl-access=free}}
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