Editing Nynorsk (section)

===Inflection===
A grammatical gender is not characterized by [[noun]] [[inflection]] alone; each gender can have further inflectional forms. That is, gender can determine the inflection of other parts of speech which agree grammatically with a noun. This concerns [[Determiner (linguistics)|determiners]], [[adjective]]s and [[past participles]].

The inflection patterns and words are quite similar to those of Bokmål, but unlike Bokmål the feminine forms are not optional, they have to be used. As for adjectives and determiners, the list of words with a feminine inflection form are quite few compared to those for the masculine and neuter after the 2012 language revision. All the past participles for strong verbs are for instance no longer inflected for the feminine (with an inflection ending {{lang|nn|-i}}) and there is just a handful of adjectives left with a feminine form, one of which is the adjective {{lang|nn|liten}} as is shown in the inflection table below.

====Adjectives====
[[Adjective]]s have to [[Agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with the noun in both gender and number just like Bokmål.<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no">{{Cite web|url=http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv|title=Språkrådet|website=elevrom.sprakradet.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> Unlike Bokmål, Nynorsk has a more completed system of adjective agreement comparable to that of the [[Swedish language]] (see [[#Participles|Nynorsk past participles]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[Adjective#Predicative adjective|Predicative agreement]]
!Norwegian
!English
|-
|{{lang|nn|Bilen er '''liten'''}}
|The car (masculine) is '''small'''
|-
|{{lang|nn|Linja er '''lita'''}}
|The line (feminine) is '''small'''
|-
|{{lang|nn|Huset er '''lite'''}}
|The house (neuter) is '''small'''
|}
Just like in Bokmål, adjectives have to agree after certain [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] verbs, like in this case the verb for "to be": {{lang|nn|vere}} ({{lang|nn|er}} is its present tense). Other important copula verbs where predicative agreement happens are {{lang|nn|verte}} and {{lang|nn|bli}} (both mean "become"). Other copula verbs are also {{lang|nn|ser ut}} (looks like) and [[#Reflexive verbs|the reflexive verbs in Nynorsk]]. When verbs are used other than these copula verbs, the adjectives like in the example above will no longer be adjectives but an adverb. The adverb form of an adjective is the same as the neuter form of the adjective, just like in Bokmål.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.norsksidene.no/web/PageND.aspx?id=99110|title=Adverb|website=www.norsksidene.no|language=nb-NO|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> For instance {{lang|nn|Han gjør lite}} (he does little). Adverbs are not inflected, like most European languages. The system of agreement after copula verbs in the Scandinavian languages is a remnant of the grammatical case system. The verbs where the subject and predicate of the verb had the same case are known as copula verbs. The system of grammatical case disappeared but there was still specific gender forms that was left.
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Adjective#Predicative adjective|Attributive agreement]]
!Norwegian
!English
|-
|{{lang|nn|Ein '''liten''' bil}}
|A '''small''' car (masculine)
|-
|{{lang|nn|Ei '''lita''' linje}}
|A '''small''' line (feminine)
|-
|{{lang|nn|Eit '''lite''' hus}}
|A '''small''' house (neuter)
|}
Most adjectives will follow this pattern of inflection for adjectives, which is the same as in Bokmål:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv|title=Språkrådet|website=elevrom.sprakradet.no|access-date=2018-06-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The most common inflection
!Masculine/feminine
!neuter
!Plural/definite
|-
|  {{lang|nn|—}}
|  {{lang|nn|-t}}
|  {{lang|nn|-e}}
|}
Examples of adjectives that follow this pattern are adjectives like fin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=fin&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=begge|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> (nice), klar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=klar&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> (ready/clear), rar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=rar&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> (weird).

Adjectives/perfect participles that end in a [[diphthong]] (like the word {{lang|nn|grei}}, which means straightforward/fine) will follow this inflection pattern:<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Inflection for adjectives ending on diphthong
!Masculine/feminine
!neuter
!Plural/definite
|-
|  {{lang|nn|—}}
|  {{lang|nn|-tt}}
|  {{lang|nn|-e}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples, adjective inflections
!Norwegian
!English
|-
|{{lang|nn|Hagen er '''fin'''}}
|The garden (masculine) is '''nice'''
|-
|{{lang|nn|Løypa er '''fin'''}}
|The trail (feminine) is '''nice'''
|-
|{{lang|nn|Været var '''fint'''}}
|The weather (neuter) was '''nice'''
|-
|{{lang|nn|Løypa er nokså '''grei'''}}
|The trail (feminine) is pretty '''straightforward'''
|-
|{{lang|nn|Det er '''greitt'''}}
|It (neuter) is '''fine'''
|}

=====[[Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]]=====
All [[Comparison (grammar)|adjective comparison]] follow this pattern:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verb comparison
!Positive
!Comparative
!Superlative
|-
| {{lang|nn|—}}
| {{lang|nn|-are}}
| {{lang|nn|-ast}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Example, verb comparison
!Positive
!Comparative
!Superlative
|-
|{{lang|nn|fin}} (nice)
|{{lang|nn|fin'''are'''}} (nicer)
|{{lang|nn|fin'''ast'''}} (nicest)
|}

====Participles====
[[Participle|Past participles]] of verbs, which are when the verb functions as an adjective, are inflected just like an adjective.<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/> This is very similar to the system of agreement in [[Swedish grammar|the Swedish language]], where all participles have an inflection for gender, number and definiteness. In contrast, participles in Bokmål are only in general inflected for number and definiteness and shares many of the inflections it got from the Danish language. The inflections of these participles are inferred from the verb conjugation class they pertain to, described in the verb section. In Nynorsk, the verb {{lang|nn|skrive}} (to write, strong verb) has the following forms:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=skrive&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Skrive (to write, strong verb)
! Masculine/feminine
! Neuter
! Plural and definite
|-
|{{lang|nn|skriv'''en'''}}
|{{lang|nn|skriv'''e'''}}
|{{lang|nn|skriv'''ne'''}}
|}In fact, all strong verbs are conjugated in this pattern:<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong verbs
! Masculine/feminine
! Neuter
! Plural and definite
|-
| '''{{lang|nn|-en}}'''
| '''{{lang|nn|-e}}'''
| '''{{lang|nn|-ne}}'''
|}

Strong verbs had an optional feminine form {{lang|nn|-i}} prior to the 2012 language revision that still are used among some users.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples, strong verbs
! Norwegian
! English
|-
| {{lang|nn|Protokollen er skriv'''en'''}}
| The protocol (masculine) is written
|-
| {{lang|nn|Boka er skriv'''en'''}}
| The book (feminine) is written
|-
| {{lang|nn|Brevet er skriv'''e'''}}
| The letter (neuter) is written
|-
| {{lang|nn|Bøkene er skriv'''ne'''}}
| The books are written
|-
| {{lang|nn|Ein skriv'''en''' protokoll}}
| A written protocol (masculine)
|-
| {{lang|nn|Ei skriv'''en''' bok}}
| A written book (feminine)
|-
| {{lang|nn|Eit skriv'''e''' brev}}
| A written letter (neuter)
|-
| {{lang|nn|To skriv'''ne''' brev}}
| Two written letters
|}

Some of the weak verbs have to agree in only number (just like in Bokmål), while many have to agree in both gender and number (like in Swedish). The weak verbs are inflected according to their conjugation class<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/> (see [[#Verb conjugation|Nynorsk verb conjugation]]).

All {{lang|nn|a}}-verbs get the following inflections:<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|nn|a}}-verbs
! Masculine/feminine
! Neuter
! Plural and definite
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{lang|nn|'''-a'''}}
|}

All {{lang|nn|e}}-verbs (with {{lang|nn|-de}} in preterite) and {{lang|nn|j}}-verbs get the following inflections:<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|nn|e}}-verbs ({{lang|nn|-de}} in preterite), {{lang|nn|j}}-verbs
! Masculine/feminine
! Neuter
! Plural and definite
|-
| {{lang|nn|'''-d'''}}
| '''{{lang|nn|-t}}'''
| {{lang|nn|'''-de'''}}
|}

All other {{lang|nn|e}}-verbs (those with {{lang|nn|-te}} in preterite) get the following inflections:<ref name="elevrom.sprakradet.no"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|nn|e}}-verbs ({{lang|nn|-te}} in preterite)
! Masculine/feminine/neuter
! Plural and definite
|-
| '''{{lang|nn|-t}}'''
| {{lang|nn|'''-te'''}}
|}

All short verbs get the following inflections:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/svake_VERB|title=Språkrådet|website=elevrom.sprakradet.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Short verbs
! Masculine/feminine
! Neuter
! Plural and definite
|-
| {{lang|nn|'''-dd'''}}
| {{lang|nn|'''-dd'''/'''-tt'''}}
| {{lang|nn|'''-dde'''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples, weak verbs
! Norwegian
! English
|-
| {{lang|nn|Boka er sel'''d'''}}
| The book (feminine) has been sold
|-
| {{lang|nn|Bordet er sel'''t'''}}
| The table (neuter) has been sold
|-
| {{lang|nn|Ein val'''d''' president}}
| An elected president (masculine)
|-
| {{lang|nn|Eit utval'''t''' barn}}
| A chosen child (neuter)
|-
| {{lang|nn|Målet er oppnå'''tt'''}}
| The goal (neuter) has been achieved 
|-
| {{lang|nn|Grensa er nå'''dd'''}}
| The limit (female) has been reached
|}
[[Present participle]]s are like all other living Scandinavian languages not inflected in Nynorsk. In general, they are formed with the suffix {{lang|nn|-ande}} on the verb stem; {{lang|nn|Ein skrivande student}} (a writing student).

==== Definiteness inflection ====
As can be seen from the inflection tables for [[adjective]]s and [[Participle|past participles]], they all have their own inflection for definiteness. Just like Bokmål, when adjectives and past participles are accompanied by the articles in the following table below, the adjective/past participle gets the definite inflection and the following noun also gets the definite inflection - a form of double definiteness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kontakt-pabygg.cappelendamm.no/ento/seksjon.html?tid=1823011|title=Kontakt påbygg: Dobbel bestemming, aktiv og passiv|website=kontakt-pabygg.cappelendamm.no|language=nb|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> Nynorsk requires the use of double definiteness, where as in Bokmål this is not required due to its Danish origins, but the usage in Bokmål depends on the formality of the text. That is, in Bokmål it is perfectly fine to write ''I første avsnitt'' (which means; "in the first paragraph"), while the same sentence in Nynorsk would be ''I det første avsnittet'' which is also the most common way to construct the sentence in the Norwegian dialects<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spenn1.cappelendamm.no/c52255/artikkel/vis.html?tid=69742|title=Nynorsk som sidemål|website=spenn1.cappelendamm.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> and is also legal Bokmål.

Like most Scandinavian languages, when the noun is definite and is described by an adjective like the phrase "the beautiful mountains", there is a separate definite article dependent on the gender/number of the noun. In Nynorsk these articles are: ''den''/''det''/''dei''. The following noun and adjective both gets a definite inflection. When there is no adjective and the articles ''den''/''det''/''dei'' are used in front of the noun (like ''dei fjella'', English; "those mountains"), the articles are inferred as the demonstrative "that"/"those" depending on if the noun is plural or not. The difference between the demonstrative "that" and the article "the" is in general inferred from context when there is an adjective involved.
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Article (grammar)|Articles]]: "this/that/these/the"
!Masculine/feminine
!Neuter
!Plural
|-
|''den'' (that/the)
|''det'' (that/the)
|''dei'' (those/the)
|-
|''denne'' (this)
|''dette'' (this)
|''desse'' (these)
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples: definiteness
!Masculine/feminine
!English
|-
|''Den fin'''e''' bil'''en'''''
|That/the nice car
|-
|''Den bil'''en'''''
|That car
|-
|''Det rar'''e''' kjøleskap'''et'''''
|That/the weird fridge
|-
|''Dei storsleg'''ne''' fjord'''ane'''''
|Those/the magnificent fjords
|-
|''Dei nydeleg'''e''' fjell'''a'''''
|Those/the beautiful mountains
|-
|''Denne fin'''e''' jent'''a'''''
|This nice girl
|-
|''Dette stor'''e''' fjell'''et'''''
|This big mountain
|-
|''Desse rar'''e''' jent'''ene'''''
|These weird girls
|}

====Determiners====
The [[Determiner|determinative]]s have inflection patterns quite similar to Bokmål, the only difference being that the masculine form is often used for the feminine in Bokmål.
{| class="wikitable" 
|+[[Possessive]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/eigedomsord|title=Språkrådet|website=elevrom.sprakradet.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>
! English !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Plural
|- 
! my/mine
| ''min'' || ''mi'' || ''mitt'' || ''mine''
|-
! your/yours (singular)
| ''din'' || ''di'' || ''ditt'' || ''dine''
|-
! his
| colspan=4| ''hans''
|-
! her/hers
| colspan=4| ''hennar''
|-
! its
| colspan=4| ''dess''
|-
! his/her/its ([[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]])
| ''sin'' || ''si'' || ''sitt'' || ''sine''
|-
! our/ours
| colspan=2| ''vår'' || ''vårt'' || ''våre''
|-
! your/yours (plural)
| colspan=4| ''dykkar''
|-
! their/theirs
| colspan=4| ''deira''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+English: "own"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=eigen&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> (determinative)
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Plural/definite
|-
|''eigen''
|''eiga''
|''eige''
|''eigne''
|}
Examples:

* ''Min '''eigen''' bil'' (My own car)
* ''Mi '''eiga''' hytte'' (My own cabin)
* ''Mitt '''eige''' hus'' (My own house)
* ''Mine '''eigne''' bilar'' (My own cars)

''Bil'' (car) is a masculine noun, ''hytte'' (cabin) is a feminine noun and ''hus'' (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinatives ''min'' and ''eigen'' in gender and number.
{| class="wikitable"
|+English: "no"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=ingen&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> (determinative)
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Plural
|-
|''ingen''
|''inga''
|''inkje''
|''ingen''
|}
Examples:

* ''Eg har '''ingen''' bil'' (I have no car)
* ''Eg har '''inga''' hytte'' (I have no cabin)
* ''Eg har '''inkje''' hus'' (I have no house)
* ''Eg har '''ingen''' hytter'' (I have no cabins)

''Bil'' (car) is a masculine noun, ''hytte'' (cabin) is a feminine noun and ''hus'' (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinative ''ingen'' in gender and number.
{| class="wikitable"
|+English: "someone/something/some/any"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=noko&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&begge=+&ordbok=begge|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>(determinative)
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Plural
|-
|''nokon''
|''noka''
|''noko''
|''nokre/nokon''
|}
These words are used in a variety of contexts, as in Bokmål.

''Nokon/noka'' means someone/any, while ''noko'' means something and ''nokre/nokon'' means some (plural).

Examples:

* ''Eg har ikkje sett '''nokon''' bil'' (I have not seen any car)
* ''Eg har ikkje sett '''noka''' hytte'' (I have not seen any cabin)
* ''Eg har ikkje sett '''noko''' hus'' (I have not seen any house)
* ''Eg har ikkje sett '''nokre'''/'''nokon''' bilar'' (I have not seen any cars)

''Bil'' (car) is a masculine noun, ''hytte'' (cabin) is a feminine noun and ''hus'' (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinative ''nokon'' in gender and number.