Editing Norovirus (section)

===Hand washing and disinfectants===
Hand washing with soap and water is an effective method for reducing the transmission of norovirus pathogens. Alcohol rubs (≥62% [[isopropyl alcohol]]) may be used as an adjunct, but are less effective than hand-washing, as norovirus lacks a [[lipid]] [[viral envelope]].<ref name="pmid16765204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jimenez L, Chiang M | title = Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus | journal = Am J Infect Control | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 269–73 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16765204 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.11.009 }}</ref> [[Hand sanitizers]] based on [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]] tend to be ineffective against noroviruses due to their being [[Viral envelope|non-enveloped]], although some virus genotypes were found in ''[[in vitro]]'' tests with [[ethanol]] and [[isopropyl alcohol]] to be more susceptible. Alcohol susceptibility patterns between different norovirus genotypes were found to vary widely, and virolysis data for a single strain or genotype was not representative for all noroviruses.<ref name=park>{{cite journal | last1=Park | first1=Geun Woo | last2=Collins | first2=Nikail | last3=Barclay | first3=Leslie | last4=Hu | first4=Liya | last5=Prasad | first5=B. V. Venkataram | last6=Lopman | first6=Benjamin A. | last7=Vinjé | first7=Jan | title=Strain-Specific Virolysis Patterns of Human Noroviruses in Response to Alcohols | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=11 | issue=6 | date=23 June 2016 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=27337036 | pmc=4919085 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157787 | doi-access=free | page=e0157787}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-19|title=Norovirus (vomiting bug)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/norovirus/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=nhs.uk|language=en|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143424/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/norovirus/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another study found that alcohol in combination with acid (1% [[citric acid]], e.g. from 15% concentrated lemon juice) produced an effective disinfectant of noroviruses.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sato | first=Shintaro | last2=Matsumoto | first2=Naomi | last3=Hisaie | first3=Kota | last4=Uematsu | first4=Satoshi | title=Alcohol abrogates human norovirus infectivity in a pH-dependent manner | journal=Scientific Reports| volume=10 | issue=1 | date=28 September 2020 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72609-z | doi-access=free | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72609-z.pdf}}</ref>

Surfaces where norovirus particles may be present can be sanitised with a solution of 1.5% to 7.5% of household bleach in water, or other disinfectants effective against norovirus.<ref name="cdcfactsheet"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-g-epa-registered-hospital-disinfectants-effective-against-norovirus|title=List G: EPA Registered Hospital Disinfectants Effective Against Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus)|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=9 May 2016|date=2015-09-28|archive-date=2016-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415170327/https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-g-epa-registered-hospital-disinfectants-effective-against-norovirus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/content/interviews/interview/838/ |title=Gastroenteritis and Noroviruses—Dr Jim Grey, Health Protection Agency |publisher=The Naked Scientists |date=2007-12-09 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2014-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331051859/http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/content/interviews/interview/838/ |url-status=live }}</ref>