Editing Nippur (section)

==Nearby sites==

=== Drehem ===
Drehem or ancient [[Puzrish-Dagan]], sometimes called a suburb of Nippur, is the best-known city of the so-called redistribution centers of the [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III period]]. It is located some ten kilometers south of Nippur. Witnessed by thousands of [[cuneiform]] tablets, livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) of the state was centralized at Drehem and redistributed to the temples, its officials and the royal palaces of [[Sumer]].<ref>[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/OIP121.pdf] Markus Hilgert, Clemens D. Reichel, Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute, Volume 2: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar-Suena, Oriental Institute Publications 121 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2003 {{ISBN|1-885923-24-4}}</ref><ref>Liu, Changyu, "The Female Fat-tailed Sheep in Palaeography and the Administration of Drehem during the Ur III Period", Archiv orientální 90.1, pp. 41-59, 2022</ref> The temples of nearby Nippur were the main destinations of the livestock. The city was founded by [[Shulgi]], king of [[Ur]]. Some of its cuneiform archives are at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]], Toronto.

=== Tell Dlehim ===
The nearby site of Dlehim (Dulaihim, Delehem, Dlehem, Dlihim) is about 40 hectares in area, separated in eastern and western sections by an ancient 50 meter wide canal bed, and currently described as being 2.5 meters in height. It lies about 21 kilometers south of Nippur and about ten kilometers south of Drehem. The site was visited by [[John Punnett Peters]] in 1889 and (believing it was Drehem) by [[Edgar James Banks]] in 1903.<ref name="Peters1" /><ref>[https://archive.org/download/cu31924028551913/cu31924028551913.pdf] Banks, Edgar James, "Bismya; Or The Lost City of Adab: A Story of Adventure, of Exploration, and of Excavation Among the Ruins of the Oldest of the Buried Cities of Babylonia", GP Putnam's Sons, 1912</ref> It was first examined (along with Drehem) in 1925 by Raymond P. Dougherty on behalf of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The mound at the time rose to 25 feet above the plain and was fairly unremarkable with some baked bricks and flint saw-blades.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3768498.pdf | jstor=3768498 | title=Searching for Ancient Remains in Lower 'Irâq: Report of an Archaeological Survey Made in Southern Babylonia during the First Quarter of 1926 | last1=Dougherty | first1=Raymond P. | journal=The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research | date=1925 | volume=7 | pages=1–93 | doi=10.2307/3768498 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.2307/1354958 | doi=10.2307/1354958 | jstor=1354958 | last1=Dougherty | first1=Raymond P. | title=An Archæological Survey in Southern Babylonia I | journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | date=1926 | volume=23 | issue=23 | pages=15–28 }}</ref> In modern times it was surveyed by H. Fujii of the Kokushikan University of Tokyo in 1988. In the early days of archaeology it was often confused with the nearby Drehem.<ref>Anonymous, "Dlihim", Iraq 51, pp. 254–255, 1989</ref> It covers an area of 36 hectares and was occupied in the Ur III period.<ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Benati, Giacomo, Luglio, Giampaolo, Scazzosi, Giulia, Valeri, Marco and Zaina, Federico, "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-Layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 214-237, 2019</ref> The site has been suggested as the location of ancient [[Tummal]] (thought to be the source of the [[Tummal Inscription]]).<ref>Yoshikawa, M., "Looking for Tummal, ASJ 11, pp. 285–291, 1989</ref><ref name="Steinkeller2001">Steinkeller, P, "New light on the hydrology and topography of southern Babylonia in the third millennium", ZA 91, pp. 22–84, 2001</ref> Tummal played a primary political role in the Ur III period.<ref>Steinkeller, P., "The employment of labor on national building projects in the Ur III period", In P. Steinkeller & M. Hudson (Eds.), Labor in the ancient world: A colloquium held at Hirschbach (Saxony), April 2005. The International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies 5, pp. 137–236, 2015</ref> In 2016 the QADIS survey project, carried out an aerial and surface survey of the site. Four bricks (three re-used for a later drain and one in a temple area) of Ur III ruler [[Amar-Sin]] were found at the site. Extended traces of Ur III period buildings including an oval temple with central terrace were detected by drone flights and surface surveys. The presence of modern military berms were also noted.<ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Benati, Giacomo, Luglio, Giampaolo, Scazzosi, Giulia, Valeri, Marco and Zaina, Federico., "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-Layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 214-237, 2019</ref><ref>[https://site.unibo.it/eduu/en/work-package-1-archaeological-cultural-and-environmental-research/results/nea83-3-marchetti-post-print.pdf/@@download/file/NEA83.3%20Marchetti%20post-print.pdf] Marchetti, Nicolò, and Federico Zaina, "Rediscovering the Heartland of Cities", Near Eastern Archaeology 83, pp. 146-157, 2020</ref><ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Berthold Einwag, Abbas al-Hussainy, Elena Leoni, Giampaolo Luglio, Gianni Marchesi, Adelheid Otto, Giulia Scazzosi, Marco Valeri, and Federico Zaina, "QADIS. The 2016 Iraqi-Italian survey season in the Southeastern Region of Qadisiyah. Sumer 63, pp. 63–92, 2017</ref><ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Giacomo Benati, Abbas al-Hussainy, Giampaolo Luglio, Marco Valeri, Giulia Scazzosi, and Federico Zaina, "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 109, pp. 214–37, 2019</ref> The Qadis survey, through imagery and sounding, determined that the site had a 150 meter by 80 meter harbor.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gea.21992 | doi=10.1002/gea.21992 | title=Development of water management strategies in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth and third millennium B.C.E. | date=2024 | last1=Mantellini | first1=Simone | last2=Picotti | first2=Vincenzo | last3=Al-Hussainy | first3=Abbas | last4=Marchetti | first4=Nicolò | last5=Zaina | first5=Federico | journal=Geoarchaeology | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=268–299 | hdl=11585/963863 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 2019 the Oriental Institute of Chicago received permission to excavate at Dlehim and in 2022 preliminary excavation began.<ref name=":Alizadeh"/>

=== Tell Waresh 2 ===
The site of Tell Waresh 2 (first called Tell Hindi2 because it is located about 1 kilometer north-west of Tell Hindi, later named after Tūlūl Werrish which lies 3 kilometers to the southwest) lies 12 kilometers northeast of Nippur (UTM 38 S 532261.73 m E, 3561401.12 m N) and was subject to a rescue excavation in 1990 led by Muhammad Yahya Radhi on behalf of the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage. It was one of a number of rescue excavation in response to the digging of the Main Drain Canal project. The site showed outlines of buildings and many artifacts on the surface. Remains were of the Isin-Larsa period and included terracotta plaques, figurines, clay sealings, cylinder seals, and a number of cuneiform tablets, mainly legal documents. The most prominent of the latter were 29 tablets found in a clay jar which contained year names of four rulers of Larsa, Abi-Sare, Sumu-el, Nur-Adad, and [[Sin-Iddinam]] (1785 BC to 1778 BC). The same team revisted the site in 2019 as part of larger survey in the area, obtaining georeferenced data.<ref>[https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/files/whitelevy/files/al-hussainy_21_article_journal_of_orientalia_vol._91-1_022022.pdf] Abbas, Al-Hussainy. "Glyptic Styles at an Isin-Larsa Minor Settlement: Seals and Seal Impressions from Tell Waresh 2.", Journal of Orientalia, vol. 91, no. 1, 2022</ref><ref>Al-Hussainy, A., de Boer, R., and Jawdat, J., "Tell Waresh 2, Early Old Babylonian Tablets from the Season of Rescue Excavation (1990)", RA 113, pp. 59–69, 2019</ref><ref>Muhammad, A. K., "A Text from the Time of Sumu-El, King of Larsa (1894-
1866 BC) from Tell Warash", Athar Ar-Rafidayn 2/1, 121–132, 2013 (in Arabic)</ref> A final report is now in progress.<ref>[https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/final-report-rescue-excavations-tell-waresh-2-third-river-project-iraq Final Report on the Rescue Excavations at Tell Waresh 2, Third River Project (Iraq) - Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications]</ref>