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====Coal==== [[File:Earp Gillam Bond Store.jpg|thumb|The former [[Earp Gillam Bond Store]] β many early merchant companies were founded on Newcastle's 19th-century trade industry.]] Coal mining began in earnest on 3 May 1833 when the [[Australian Agricultural Company]] received land grants at Newcastle plus a 31-year monopoly on that town's coal traffic. Other collieries were within a {{cvt|16|km|0}} radius of the town. Principal coal mines were located at [[Stockton, New South Wales|Stockton]], [[Tighes Hill]], [[Carrington, New South Wales|Carrington]] and the Newcastle Coal and Copper Company's collieries at [[Merewether]] (includes the Glebe), [[Wallsend, New South Wales|Wallsend]] and the Waratah collieries. All operations had closed by the early 1960s.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} [[File:Commercial Bank Company building DSC 0427.jpg|thumb|The former Commercial Bank Company building]] On 10 December 1831, the Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, at the intersection of Brown & Church Streets, Newcastle. Privately owned and operated to service the ''A Pit'' coal mine, it was a [[cast-iron]] [[fishbelly rail]] on an inclined plane as a [[Cable railway#Gravity balance|gravitational railway]].<ref>[http://www.arhsnsw.com.au/docsrrc/rrcdload01.pdf Uncovering and understanding Australia's First Railway, Conference Paper, Campbell, D., Brougham, J. and Caldwell, R., Australian Journal of Multi-disciplinary Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 2β3, Engineering Heritage Australia, Newcastle, NSW] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150336/http://www.arhsnsw.com.au/docsrrc/rrcdload01.pdf |date=22 February 2014 }}. Retrieved 14 July 2011</ref><ref>''Colliery Railways of the Australian Agricultural Company in the Newcastle District'' Webber, J & Wylie, R.F. [[Australian Railway History|Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin]] March 1968 pp 53β63</ref>
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