Editing Netherlands (section)

===Batavian Republic and Kingdom (1795–1890)===
{{Main|Batavian Republic|Kingdom of Holland|Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}

In the 18th century the Dutch Republic had seen a state of a general decline, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican [[Dutch States Party|''Staatsgezinden'']] and the supporters of the [[stadtholder]] the [[Orangism (Netherlands)|''Prinsgezinden'']] as main political factions.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/> With the armed support of [[French Revolution|revolutionary France]], [[Patriots (Dutch Republic)|Dutch republicans]] proclaimed the [[Batavian Republic]], modelled after the [[French First Republic|French Republic]] and rendering the Netherlands a [[unitary state]] on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder [[William V of Orange]] had fled to England. From 1806 to 1810, the [[Kingdom of Holland]] was set up by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother [[Louis Bonaparte]]. However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands [[Incorporation (Netherlands)|became part of the French Empire]] until November 1813, when Napoleon was defeated in the [[Battle of Leipzig]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-66658-3_1|title=Napoleonic Governance in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany: Conquest, Incorporation, and Integration|chapter=Introduction: Napoleonic Governance and the Integration of Europe |series=War, Culture and Society, 1750 –1850 |date=19 January 2024 |pages=1–22 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-66658-3_1 |isbn=978-3-030-66658-3 |last1=Van Der Burg |first1=Martijn }}</ref>

[[File:Dutch Empire35.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colonial empire]]. Light green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the [[Dutch East India Company]]; dark green: the [[Dutch West India Company]]. In yellow are the territories occupied later, during the 19th century.]]
[[William I of the Netherlands|William Frederick]], son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|Sovereign Prince]]. Two years later, the [[Congress of Vienna]] added the southern Netherlands to the north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|United Netherlands]] to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as [[William I of the Netherlands|King William I]] in 1815.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=History of France  |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-France |access-date=21 June 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> William became hereditary [[Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg|Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and [[Belgian Revolution|rebelled]]. The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by the Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the [[personal union]] between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]] died with no surviving male heirs. [[Salic Law|Ascendancy laws]] prevented his daughter [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] from becoming the next Grand Duchess.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2 June 2023 |title=William I {{!}} king of The Netherlands  |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-king-of-The-Netherlands |access-date=21 June 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

The Belgian Revolution and the [[Java War]] in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the [[Cultivation System]] was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Belgium – Industrial Revolution, Belgian Revolution, and Unionist Coalition  |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgium/The-Austrian-Netherlands |access-date=21 June 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863.<ref>Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 2:637</ref> Enslaved people in [[Suriname]] would be fully free only in 1873.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/dutch-involvement-transatlantic-slave-trade-and-abolition|title=Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition|work=ascleiden.nl|date=24 June 2013}}</ref>