Editing Mushroom (section)

===Psychoactive mushrooms===
{{Main|Hallucinogenic mushroom}}
[[File:Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe zapotecorum]]'', a hallucinogenic mushroom]]

Mushrooms with psychoactive properties have long played a role in various native medicine traditions in cultures all around the world. They have been used as sacrament in rituals aimed at mental and physical healing, and to facilitate visionary states. One such ritual is the ''[[Velada (Mazatec ritual)|velada]]'' ceremony. A practitioner of traditional mushroom use is the ''[[shaman]]'' or ''[[curandera]]'' (priest-healer).<ref name="Hudler2000" />

[[Psilocybin mushroom]]s, also referred to as psychedelic mushrooms, possess [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic properties]]. Commonly known as "magic mushrooms" or {{"'}}shrooms", they are openly available in [[smart shop]]s in many parts of the world, or on the [[black market]] in those countries which have outlawed their sale. Psilocybin mushrooms have been reported to facilitate profound and life-changing insights often described as [[mystical experiences]]. Recent scientific work has supported these claims, as well as the long-lasting effects of such induced spiritual experiences.<ref name="Griffiths2008" />

[[File:Pschoactive Psilocybe distribution.svg|thumb|There are over 100 psychoactive mushroom species of genus ''Psilocybe'' native to regions all around the world.<ref name="Guzmán 1998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto |year=1998 |volume=14 |page=207 |url=http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050845/http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

[[Psilocybin]], a naturally occurring chemical in certain [[psychedelic mushrooms]] such as ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'', is being studied for its ability to help people suffering from psychological disorders, such as [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]. Minute amounts have been reported to stop [[Cluster headache|cluster]] and [[migraine headache]]s.<ref name="Sewell2006" /> A double-blind study, done by  [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], showed psychedelic mushrooms could provide people an experience with substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance. In the study, one third of the subjects reported ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms was the single most spiritually significant event of their lives. Over two-thirds reported it among their five most meaningful and spiritually significant events. On the other hand, one-third of the subjects reported extreme [[Anxiety (mood)|anxiety]]. However the anxiety went away after a short period of time.<ref name="pmid = 16826400" /> Psilocybin mushrooms have also shown to be successful in treating addiction, specifically with alcohol and cigarettes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maps.org/conference/clinicalsunday|title=Clinical Sunday|work=maps.org|access-date=20 March 2014|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405103829/http://www.maps.org/conference/clinicalsunday/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A few species in the genus ''[[Amanita]]'', most recognizably ''[[A. muscaria]]'', but also ''[[A. pantherina]]'', among others, contain the psychoactive compound [[muscimol]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=7977045 | date=2021 | last1=Rampolli | first1=F. I. | last2=Kamler | first2=P. | last3=Carnevale Carlino | first3=C. | last4=Bedussi | first4=F. | title=The Deceptive Mushroom: Accidental Amanita muscaria Poisoning | journal=European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine | volume=8 | issue=2 | page=002212 | pmid=33768066 }}</ref> The muscimol-containing chemotaxonomic group of ''Amanitas'' contains no [[amatoxin]]s or [[phallotoxin]]s, and as such are not [[hepatoxic]], though if not properly [[Curing (vegetable preservation)|cured]] will be non-lethally [[neurotoxic]] due to the presence of [[ibotenic acid]]. The ''Amanita'' intoxication is similar to [[Z-drug]]s in that it includes [[Central nervous system|CNS]] [[depressant]] and [[sedative]]-[[hypnotic]] effects, but also [[Dissociative|dissociation]] and [[Deliriant|delirium]] in high doses.

A third type of hallucinogenic mushroom is [[hallucinogenic bolete mushroom]]s such as ''[[Lanmaoa asiatica]]'', which are said to cause people to experience [[Lilliputian hallucination]]s.<ref name="Guzmán2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzmán G | title = New Studies on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: History, Diversity, and Applications in Psychiatry | journal = Int J Med Mushrooms | volume = 17 | issue = 11 | pages = 1019–1029 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26853956 | doi = 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v17.i11.10 | url = }}</ref><ref name="YuGuerin-LaguetteWang2020">{{cite book | last=Yu | first=Fuqiang | last2=Guerin-Laguette | first2=Alexis | last3=Wang | first3=Yun | title=Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World | chapter=Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | date=2020 | isbn=978-3-030-37377-1 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-37378-8_6 | page=163–204 | quote=Some boletes known as “jian-shou-qing” (turning blue when bruised or cut) are considered hallucinogenic, causing visions that Yunnan’s people call “xiao-ren-ren” (little men or little people, similar to the “Lilliputian hallucinations” found in the Kuma people from New Guinea) (Arora 2008). Among these boletes are Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Lanmaoa asiatica, and Sutorius magnificus, all commonly collected in Yunnan and even more popular than porcini (Fig.  6.10) (Wang et al. 2004). Though some of these species can cause gastrointestinal distress, the local people continue to consume them (Arora 2008).}}</ref><ref name="Arora2008">{{cite journal | last=Arora | first=David | title=Notes on Economic Mushrooms. Xiao Ren Ren: The “Little People” of Yunnan | journal=Economic Botany | publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press | volume=62 | issue=3 | year=2008 | issn=00130001 | jstor=40390492 | pages=540–544 | url=https://i.warosu.org/data/sci/img/0147/14/1659226200674553.pdf | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="PlazasFaraone2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Plazas E, Faraone N | title = Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents | journal = Biomedicines | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | date = February 2023 | page = 461 | pmid = 36830997 | pmc = 9953455 | doi = 10.3390/biomedicines11020461 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="DomnauerDentinger2022">{{cite conference | vauthors = Domnauer C, Dentinger B | title = Reports of Psychoactive Bolete Mushrooms | conference = ESPD55 (Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs 55) | date = 24 May 2022 | publisher = McKenna Academy of Natural Philosophy | url = https://mckenna.academy/mka-speakers/colin-domnauer-reports-psychoactive-boletes/}}</ref> These mushrooms have unknown constituents and an unknown [[mechanism of action]], but appear to be distinct in their properties and effects from other hallucinogenic mushrooms and are currently being researched.<ref name="PlazasFaraone2023" /><ref name="DomnauerDentinger2022" /><ref name="Heil2023">{{cite news | last=Heil | first=Emily | title=Yes, Janet Yellen ate magic mushrooms. Here's why she didn't get high. | newspaper=Washington Post | date=16 August 2023 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2023/08/16/janet-yellen-magic-mushrooms-china/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250224071259/https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2023/08/16/janet-yellen-magic-mushrooms-china/ | archive-date = 24 February 2025 | access-date=24 February 2025 | quote=That’s the way locals in the Yunnan province, where they are wild-foraged, typically see these mushrooms, says Colin Domnauer, a PhD candidate at the University of Utah, who has been studying them. [...] Domnauer recently visited Yunnan to collect samples, [...] So what could explain those Lilliputian apparitions? Maybe something entirely novel, Domnauer says, possibly a compound that could have exciting uses in medicine or other applications. [...]}}</ref><ref name="DomnauerDentinger2023">{{cite conference | vauthors = Domnauer C, Dentinger B | title = OS52-003 Searching for Psychoactive Bolete Mushrooms | conference = 91st Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of America | date = July 2023 | publisher = Mycological Society of America | url = https://msafungi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/MSA-2023-Abstract-Book-1.pdf#page=31 | quote = [...] Despite the numerous anecdotal reports, the identity and nature of such psychoactive boletes remain unknown. Here, we present a preliminary phylogenetic study resolving taxonomic relationships to the suspected psychoactive bolete from Yunnan in the recently erected genus Lanmaoa. [...] early genomic analysis has revealed the notable absence of biosynthetic gene clusters known to be involved in the production of the psychoactive fungal metabolites psilocybin and ibotenic acid, possibly indicating a novel category of hallucinogenic mushrooms is involved.}}</ref>