Editing Mosin–Nagant (section)

==Variants==
===Russia/USSR===
[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1891 - Ryssland - AM.032971.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 Infantry Rifle]]
* '''Model 1891 Infantry Rifle''' ({{langx|ru|пехотная винтовка образца 1891–го года}}): The primary weapon of Russian and Red Army infantry from 1891 to 1930. Between 1891 and 1910 the following modifications were made to the design of the rifle:
** Changed sights.
** Inclusion of a reinforcing bolt through the finger groove (due to the adoption of a higher velocity 147-grain pointed M1908 '[[Spitzer_(bullet)|spitzer]]' light ball round.)
** Elimination of the steel finger rest behind the trigger guard.
** New barrel bands.
** Installation of slot-type sling mounts to replace the more traditional swivels.

[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1891 Dragoon - Ryssland - AM.067668.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 Dragoon Rifle (Note that the bolt is in the unlocked position.)]]
* '''Dragoon Rifle''' ({{langx|ru|драгунская}}): Intended for use by [[Dragoons]]: {{convert|64|mm|in|abbr=on}} shorter and {{convert|0.4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} lighter than the M1891. The Dragoon rifle's dimensions are identical to the later M1891/30 rifle, and most Dragoon rifles were eventually reworked into M1891/30s. Most such rifles, known to collectors as "ex-Dragoons", can be identified by their pre-1930 date stampings, but small numbers of Dragoon rifles were produced from 1930 to 1932 and after reworking became impossible to distinguish from purpose-built M1891/30s.
* '''Cossack Rifle''' ({{lang|ru|казачья}}): Introduced for [[Cossack]] horsemen, it is almost identical to the Dragoon rifle but is sighted for use without a [[bayonet]]. These rifles were also issued without a bayonet.
* '''Model 1907 Carbine''': At {{convert|289|mm|in|abbr=on}} shorter and {{convert|0.95|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} lighter than the M1891, this model was excellent for cavalry, engineers, signalers, and artillerymen. It was stocked nearly to the front sight and therefore did not take a bayonet. It was produced until at least 1917 in small numbers.

[[File:Mosin nagant m9130 from cia.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30]]
[[File:Mosin-Nagant-9130.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 (1933)]]
[[File:Sniper Rifle Mosin 1891 30-fr.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Soviet Mosin–Nagant model 1891/30 sniper rifle with PU 3.5×21 sight]]
* '''Model 1891/30''' ({{lang|ru|винтовка образца 1891/30-го года, винтовка Мосина}}): The most prolific version of the Mosin–Nagant. It was produced for standard issue to all Soviet infantry from 1930 to 1945. Most Dragoon rifles were also converted to the M1891/30 standard. It was commonly used as a sniper rifle in [[World War II]]. Early sniper versions had a 3.87×30 [[PE scope|PE]] or PEM scope, a Soviet-made copy of a [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]] design, while later rifles used smaller, simpler, and easier-to-produce 3.5×21 [[PU scope]]s. Because the scope was mounted above the chamber, the bolt handle was replaced with a longer handled, bent version on sniper rifles (known to Mosin collectors and shooters as a "bent bolt") so the shooter could work the bolt without the scope interfering with it. Like the US [[M1903 Springfield|M1903A4 Springfield]] sniper rifle, the location of the scope above the receiver prevents the use of [[stripper clip]]s. Its design was based on the Dragoon rifle with the following modifications:
** Flat rear sights and restamping of sights in metres, instead of [[Obsolete Russian units of measurement|arshinii]].
** A cylindrical receiver, replacing the octagonal receiver (commonly called "hex", but actually having five octagonal top flats and a round bottom rather than three octagonal bottom flats. It has six "sides" but is neither hexagonal nor octagonal in normal use of those terms.) Early production 91/30s (from 1930 to 1936) and converted Dragoon rifles retained the octagonal receiver. These rifles are less common and regarded as generally more desirable by collectors.
** A hooded post front sight, replacing the blade on previous weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9130S.htm |title=Soviet M91/30 |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115020648/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9130S.htm |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Mosin-Nagant karbin m1938 Ryssland - AM.032891.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1938 Carbine]]
* '''Model 1938 Carbine''': A carbine based on the M1891/30 design that was produced from 1939 to 1945 at the Izhevsk arsenal and in 1940 and 1944 at Tula. They were intended for use by second-echelon and noncombatant troops. Very few M38 carbines were made in 1945 and are highly sought after by collectors. Essentially a M1891/30 with a shortened barrel and shortened stock (the M38 is 1000 millimeters (40&nbsp;in) in overall length versus 1230 millimeters (48&nbsp;in) overall length for the Model 91/30), this carbine did not accept a bayonet and was in fact designed so that the standard Model 91/30 bayonet would not fit it. However many M38 carbines were fitted into M44 stocks by the Soviets as a wartime expedient. M38s in the correct M38 stock command a premium over M38s in M44 pattern stocks. The M38 was replaced by the M44 carbine in 1944.<ref name="russian-mosin-nagant.com"/>
* '''Model 1944 Carbine''': This carbine was introduced into service in late 1944 (with 50,000 service-test examples produced in 1943) and remained in production until 1948. They were produced from 1943 to 1948 at the Izhevsk arsenal and only 1944 at Tula. Its specifications are very similar to the M1938, with the unique addition of a permanently affixed, side-folding cruciform-spike [[bayonet]]. A groove for the folded bayonet is inlet into the right side of the stock. From February 1944, this type of carbine was issued to Red Army infantry troops as a replacement for the standard rifle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |last2=Ness |first2=Leland S.| title=The Red Army Handbook 1939-1945 |publisher=Sutton |year=1998 |isbn=0750932090 |pages=190–191}}</ref> These were in use not only by the [[Soviet Union]], but also its various [[Eastern Bloc|satellite nations]].<ref name="russian-mosin-nagant.com"/> Many of these were counterbored post-war.
* '''Model 1891/59 Carbine''': Commonly called "91/59s," the M1891/59s were created by shortening M1891/30 rifles to carbine length, with rear sight numbers partially ground off to reflect reduced range. These rifles are almost clones of the M38 except for the ground off M91/30 rear sight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9159.htm |title=Soviet M91/59 |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=9 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409053557/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9159.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The "1891/59" marking on the receiver suggests the carbines were created in or after 1959. It was initially thought that Bulgaria or another Soviet satellite country performed the conversions in preparation for a Western invasion that never came. Recent evidence suggests that the M91/59 was indeed produced in Bulgaria from Soviet-supplied wartime production M91/30s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020|reason=What evidence? How recent?}} Total production of the 91/59 is uncertain; figures as low as one million and as high as three million have appeared in firearm literature.
* '''[[AV (rifle)|AV]]''': Soviet target rifle
* '''OTs-48/OTs-48K''': The OTs-48/OTs-48K (ОЦ-48К) sniper rifle was designed around 2000 in an attempt to make use of many surplus Mosin M1891/30 rifles which were still held in storage in Russia. Developed and manufactured "on order" by Central Design Bureau for Sporting and Hunting Arms (TSKIB SOO) in the city of Tula, this rifle is still in limited use by some Russian law enforcement agencies today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sniper-rifles/rus/ots48-e.html |title=OTs-48K sniper rifle (Russia) |website=Modern Firearms |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017000228/http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sniper-rifles/rus/ots48-e.html |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zonawar.ru/rash_guns/rg_vintovki_OTs-48_eng.html |title=OTs-48 and OTs-48K sniper rifles |website=Zonawar.ru |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915124207/http://zonawar.ru/rash_guns/rg_vintovki_OTs-48_eng.html |archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref>

===Estonia===
After the Estonian War of Independence, Estonia had around 120,000 M/1891s in stock, later the ''Kaitseliit'', the [[Estonian Defence League]], received some Finnish M28/30 rifles, a few modernised variants were also made by the Estonian Armory;
* '''M1933''' or 1891/33 was standard rifle of Estonian armed forces.
* '''M1938''': a further variant of M1933, 12,000 rifles.
* '''KL300''': a variant for Kaitseliit, 4,025 were made.
* '''M1935''' ''"Lühendatud sõjapüss M1935"'': "shortened rifle M1935" was a shortened variant of M1933 with 600mm barrel, 6,770 rifles.

===Finland===
[[File:Mosin Nagant M91.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 91]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M24.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard Model 24]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M27.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 27]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M27rv.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 27rv]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M28.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil GuardModel 28]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M28-30.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard Model 28–30]]
[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1939 - Finland - AM.006968.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|M/39 rifle]]
[[File:Jalkaväenkivääri m39 etuosa ja pistin.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard M/39 bayonet]]

Most Finnish rifles were assembled by [[SAKO]], Tikkakoski Oy, or VKT ([[Valtion Kivääritehdas]], State Rifle Factory, after the wars part of [[Valmet|Valtion Metallitehtaat (Valmet)]], State Metalworks). The Finnish cartridge [[7.62×53mmR]] is a slightly modified variation of the Russian [[7.62×54mmR]], and is considered interchangeable with 54R. However, the older version of the Finnish military cartridge was loaded with the S-type bullet that had nominal diameter of .308. In 1936 the Finnish Army fielded a new standard service cartridge intended for both machine guns and rifles. This new cartridge was loaded with a new bullet designed in 1934–the D-166, which had a nominal diameter of .310. The new service rifle m/39 was designed from the start around the D-166, thus it had nominal barrel diameter of .310.

[[Handloading|Handloaded]] cartridges for Finnish rifles should however use a {{convert|0.308|in|mm|1|adj=on}} [[bullet]] for use with other Finnish Mosin–Nagant variants instead of the {{convert|0.310|in|mm|1|adj=on}} one which gives best results in M/39, Soviet and most of other Mosin–Nagant rifles.
* '''M/91'''{{Anchor|Finn M91}}: When Finland achieved independence from Russia, over 190,000 Model 1891 infantry rifles were already stockpiled in the ex-Russian military depots within Finland. As a result, the rifle was adopted as the standard Finnish Army weapon, and surplus Mosin–Nagants were purchased from other European nations which had captured them during World War I.<ref name="Finland">{{cite book |title=Finland at War 1939–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/finlandatwar00jowe |url-access=limited |series=Elite |volume=141 |first1=Philip |last1=Jowett |first2=Brent |last2=Snodgrass |date=5 July 2006 |isbn=978-1-84176-969-1 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/finlandatwar00jowe/page/n46 46]–47}}</ref> These rifles were overhauled to meet Finnish Army standards and designated M/91. In the mid-1920s Tikkakoski made new barrels for m/91s. Later starting in 1940, Tikkakoski and VKT began production of new M/91 rifles. VKT production ceased in 1942 in favor of the newer M/39 rifle, but Tikkakoski production continued through 1944. The M/91 was the most widely issued Finnish rifle in both the Winter War and the Continuation War.<ref name="MN.net-M91">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M91inFinland.asp |title=M91 in Finland |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228024404/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M91inFinland.asp |archive-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/91rv'''{{Anchor|Finn M91rv}}: A cavalry rifle built from former Russian Model 1891 Dragoon rifles, modified with a sling slot based on the German [[Gewehr 98#Karabiner 98a|Karabiner 98a]]. The original Russian sling slots were also retained.<ref name="M91rv">{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareM91rv.htm |title=M91rv Cavalry Rifle |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214212633/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareM91rv.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''M/24'''{{Anchor|Finn M24}}: The "Lotta Rifle", the Model 24 or Model 1891/24 was the first large-scale Mosin–Nagant upgrade project undertaken by the Finnish Suojeluskunta ([[White Guard (Finland)|Civil Guard]]), and there were, in fact three separate variations of the rifle. Barrels were produced by [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG (Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft)]] and by a German consortium. Swiss-produced barrels could be found in both standard Mosin–Nagant 1891 contour and in a heavier contour designed for improved accuracy, while all German-produced barrels were heavy weight barrels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowser |first=Doug |date=1998 |title=Rifles of the White Death: A Collector's and Shooter's Guide to Finnish Military Rifles, 1918–1944 |location=McComb, MS |publisher=Camellia City Military Publications}}</ref> The initial contract for the SIG-produced barrels was let on April 10, 1923, and was for 3,000 new barrels produced with the original Model 1891 barrel contour. A subsequent contract for 5,000 additional heavier barrels, stepped at the muzzle end to accept the standard Mosin–Nagant bayonet, was let the next year. The German contracts, starting in 1924 and running to 1926, were all for the heavier, stepped barrels with two contracts: one for 5,000 barrels and a second for 8,000 barrels. The German-made barrels are marked {{lang|de|Bohler-Stahl}} on the under side of the chamber. All Model 24s are marked with the Civil Guard logo of three fir tree sprigs over a capital "S". All Model 24s are equipped with a coil spring around the trigger pin to improve the trigger pull and thus the accuracy of the rifle. The Model 24 was called the Lotta's Rifle ({{lang|fi|Lottakivääri}}) after the women's auxiliary of the Civil Guard, known as the [[Lotta Svärd]] which was instrumental in raising funds to purchase and repair or refurbish some 10,000 rifles.<ref name="MN.net-M24">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M24-Rifle.asp |title=The Finnish Civil Guards rifle-model of 1924 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010105057/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/M24-Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/27'''{{Anchor|Finn M27}}: The Model 27 was the Finnish Army's first almost complete reworking of the Model 1891, it was nicknamed {{lang|fi|Pystykorva}} ("[[spitz]]") for the front sight protector's resemblance to the upright ears of a spitz dog. The receiver and magazine of the 1891 were retained, but a new shorter-length heavy-weight barrel at {{convert|685|mm|in|abbr=on}} was fitted. The sights were modified. The receivers and bolts were modified with "wings" being fitted to the bolt connecting bars that fit into slots machined into the receivers. The stocks were initially produced by cutting down 1891 stocks and opening up the barrel channels to accommodate the heavier barrel. New barrel bands and nose caps were fitted and a new bayonet was issued. The modified stocks proved to be weak, breaking when soldiers practiced bayonet fighting or firing with the bayonet fitted. These and other problems resulted in a slow-down of production in the mid-1930s while solutions to problems were engineered and existing stocks of rifles were modified. Produced from mid-1927 to 1940, the Model 27 was the Finnish Army's main battle rifle in the Winter War.<ref name="MN.net-M27">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/The-Finnish-M27.asp |title=The Finnish M27 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818121722/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/The-Finnish-M27.asp |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>
* '''M/27rv'''{{Anchor|Finn M27rv}}: A cavalry carbine version of the M27 (rv is short for {{lang|la|ratsuväki}}, {{literal translation|mounted force}}), 2217 were made, and were assigned to the most elite Finnish cavalry units. As a result of their heavy use, nearly half were lost over the course of the Winter and Continuation Wars. Most of the surviving examples were deemed beyond repair and scrapped, with slightly over 300 still existing. This makes it the rarest of all Finnish Mosin–Nagant models.<ref name="MN.net-M27"/>
* '''M/28'''{{Anchor|Finn M28}}: A variant designed by the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]]. The M/28 differs from the Army's M/27 primarily in the barrel band design, which is a single piece compared to the M/27's hinged band, and an improved trigger design. Barrels for the M/28 were initially purchased from [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG]], and later from Tikkakoski and SAKO.<ref name="MN.net-M28">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M28-Rifle.asp |title=The M28 And M28/30 Civil Guards Rifles |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010104823/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/M28-Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/28–30'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-30}}: An upgraded version of the M/28. The most noticeable modification is the new rear sight design. The same sight was used in following M/39 rifle only exception being "1.5" marking for closest range to clarify it for users. According to micrometer measurements and comparison to modern Lapua D46/47 bullet radar trajectory data, markings are matched to Finnish Lapua D46/D46 bullet surprisingly accurately through whole adjustment range between 150&nbsp;m and 2000&nbsp;m.<p>The trigger was also improved by adding coil spring to minimize very long pre-travel. Following M/39 does not have this improvement. The magazine was also modified to prevent jamming. Magazines were stamped with "HV" ({{lang|fi|häiriövapaa}}, {{literal translation|jam free}}) letters in right side of rifle. Later M/39 uses identical design, but without the "HV" stamp. M/28–30 also have metal sleeve in fore-end of handguard, to reduce barrel harmonics change and to make barrel-stock contact more constant between shots and/or during environmental changes such as moisture and temperature. Later M/39 does not have this upgrade.</p><p>In addition to its military usage, approximately 440 M/28–30 rifles were manufactured by SAKO for use in the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships#Interwar period|1937 World Shooting Championships]] in Helsinki.</p><p>M/28–30 model, serial number 60974, was also used by [[Simo Häyhä]], a well-known [[Finnish people|Finnish]] sniper. M/28–30 was used as Civil Guards competition rifle before World War II, as was the case with Simo Häyhä's personal rifle. Therefore, rifles were built very well, with highest grade barrels available and carefully matched headspace. Häyhä's rifle was still at PKarPr (Northern Karelia Brigade) museum in 2002, then moved to an unknown place by the Finnish Army.<ref name="MN.net-M28-30">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/MosinNagant-M2830rifle-introduction.asp |title=The Finnish Model M28-30 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315092812/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/MosinNagant-M2830rifle-introduction.asp |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref></p>
* '''M/91–35''': A model proposed by the Finnish Army to replace both its M/27 and the White Guard's M/28 and M/28–30 rifles. The White Guard strongly objected to this plan, considering the M91/35 to have poor accuracy and excessive muzzle flash. It was never adopted, instead being supplanted by the M/39.
* '''M/39'''{{Anchor|Finn M39}}: nicknamed {{lang|fi|Ukko-Pekka}} after the former President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |title=The Model 1939 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613193239/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref> a compromise between the Army and White Guard, adopted so as to standardize Mosin–Nagant production. The M/39 was derived largely from the M/28–30, but included some alterations proposed by the Army. The M/39 also incorporated a semi-[[pistol grip]] into the stock, though some early examples used typical Mosin–Nagant straight stocks. Only 10 rifles were completed by the end of the [[Winter War]], but 96,800 were produced after the Winter War and used in the [[Continuation War]]. Small numbers were assembled from leftover parts in the late 1960s through 1973, bringing the total production to approximately 102,000.
* '''M/30'''{{Anchor|Finn M30}}: Tikkakoski produced improved, high-quality Model 1891/30 rifles in 1943 and 1944, designated M/30, using new barrels and parts from some of the almost 125,000 1891/30s captured in the Winter and Continuation Wars as well as 57,000 rifles bought from the Germans in 1944 (most of which were only suitable for use as parts donors). They were produced with both one- and two-piece stocks and either Soviet globe or Finnish blade foresights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/FinlandsM9130Rifle.asp |title=The Finnish Issue of the Mosin Nagant Model 91/30 (1891/1930) Rifle |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=19 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010075254/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/FinlandsM9130Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/56'''{{Anchor|Finn M56}}: An experimental 7.62×39mm version.
* '''M/28–57'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-57}}: A military target rifle for sporting purposes with [[diopter sight]]s, built in two variants from existing accurate M/28–30 rifles, a [[International Military Sports Council|CISM]] [[300 m standard rifle]] version, and a [[biathlon rifle|biathlon]] version with a purpose made stock, designated as '''M/28–57 H'''.<ref name="palokangas">{{cite book |last=Palokangas |first=Markku |year=1991 |title=Sotilaskäsiaseet Suomessa 1918–1988. II osa – Suomalaiset aseet |trans-title=Military Small Arms in Finland 1918–1988 |volume=II – Finnish Weapons |language=fi |location= |publisher=Suomen asehistoriallinen seura |isbn=978-951-25-0518-0}}</ref>{{rp|185–187}}
* '''M/27–66''' A military target rifle for CISM 300&nbsp;m standard rifle competition, which used existing receivers, bolts and triggers from M/27, but had the receiver walls reinforced, some bolt parts modified, new barrels and new target rifle stocks from walnut as well as diopter sights installed. Modification of the rifles was made by [[Valmet]]. Some were also equipped with scope bases to be used as sniper rifles, but without any further modifications from the standard model.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|187–188}}[[File:Kiikarikivääri 76.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|M/28–76 in sniper rifle configuration]]
* '''M/28–76'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-76}}: A dual purpose sniper rifle and target rifle for CISM 300 m standard rifle competition. They were modified from existing M/28–30 and M/28–57 rifles, using the M/28–30 barrel and sights (often with new barrels, but sometimes original from M/28–30) and new birch wood stocks of the same profile as the M/27–66. The target rifle version had a diopter rear sight added and a modified front sight, while the sniper rifle version had a scope base. Modification work for the rifles was carried out by Finnish Defence Forces {{lang|fi|Asevarikko 1}} ('Arsenal 1') in [[Kuopio]].<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|113–114,188–189}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estonianarms.com/2876.htm |title=The Finnish Mosin Nagant Model 28/76 Marksmanship Rifle |website=EstonianArms.com |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422143902/http://www.estonianarms.com/2876.htm |archive-date=22 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:7,62 Tarkkuuskivääri 85 Lippujuhlan päivä 2013.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.25|7.62 TKIV 85 sniper rifle]]
* '''M/85''': A more comprehensive modernisation based on the Mosin-Nagant action, which features an aluminium bedding block between the stock and the barreled action, attached to the stem of the barrel, while letting the receiver and further barrel float free of the stock. In addition to the changes to the stock, an entirely new trigger pack was designed and the [[lock time]] was shortened by removing the safety from the striker assembly of the bolt. The M/85 was built in two variants, the [[7.62 Tkiv 85|'''TKIV 85''']] sniper rifle, and a target rifle for CISM 300&nbsp;m standard rifle competition: the sniper rifle features a heavy barrel without iron sights and a birch wood stock with an adjustable cheek rest, a bipod and an enclosed fore-end with the upper handguard lifted off the barrel to free-float the barrel past the bedding block, whereas the target rifle features a lighter barrel, diopter sights and a walnut stock without the upper handguard. Although, for possible use in war, a spare sniper version stock was supplied with every target rifle. Modification of existing parts (receiver and bolt assembly) as well as production of new metal parts was carried out by Valmet, and the stocks were made and rifles assembled by FDF {{lang|fi|Asevarikko 1}}.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|114–117,189–190}}

===Czechoslovakia===
* '''VZ91/38 carbine''': Very similar to the M91/59, it is an M38-style carbine produced by cutting down Model 1891 infantry, dragoon, and Cossack rifles. Few of these carbines exist, and the reason for their creation remains unclear. Like the M44, they have a bayonet groove cut into the right side of the stock, despite there being no evidence that the VZ91/38 design ever included a bayonet. The front sight features a wide base similar to post World War II M44s.
* '''[[Vz. 54| Vz. 54 sniper rifle]]''': Based on the M1891/30, although it has the appearance of a modern sporting firearm. The VZ54 utilizes a Czech-made 2.5× magnification scope, as well as a unique rear sight. It also borrows some features from the [[Mauser]] design, such as locking screws and a [[Karabiner 98k|K98k]]-style front sight hood.
* '''VZ54/91 sniper rifle''': Updated version of the VZ54 sniper rifle. The VZ54/91 utilizes an adjustable biathlon style stock with fully adjustable comb and butt plate. A rail beneath the forearm accepts adjustable sling swivels as well as a bipod. A Soviet manufactured PSO-1 scope also used on the SVD Dragunov sniper rifle is mounted on a side plate. It retains the front and rear sights of the VZ54.

===China===
[[File:Chinese Type 53 carbine.jpg|thumb|A Chinese Type 53 carbine captured by US forces in Korea]]
* '''Type 53''': A license-built version of the post-war Soviet M1944 carbine. As many of the carbines imported to the United States are constructed of both local Chinese parts and surplus Soviet parts, there is much debate as to when this mixture occurred. Type 53s are found both with and without the permanently attached folding bayonet, though the former is far more common. The Chinese Type 53 carbine saw extensive service with the [[People's Liberation Army]] from 1953 until the late 1950s/early 1960s when the PLA went over to the [[SKS|Chinese Type 56 carbine]] and the [[Type 56 assault rifle|Chinese Type 56 assault rifle]]. Many Type 53 carbines were given to the [[Militia (China)|People's Militia]] in China and to [[North Vietnam]] (with many carbines ending up in the hands of the [[Viet Cong|National Liberation Front]] in [[South Vietnam]]) and to the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]] during the 1960s and 1970s. The [[Militia (China)|People's Militia]] used the Type 53 until 1982 when they were replaced with modern weapons. There is some evidence that the Type 53 carbine saw extensive use in the hands of the People's Militia during the years of the [[Great Leap Forward]] and the [[Cultural Revolution]] (with many members of the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] being armed and trained by both the People's Militia and the PLA during the Cultural Revolution). A significant number of Type 53 carbines were given to [[Albania]] and a few African countries as military aid by the Chinese during the 1960s. Some of these carbines appeared in the hands of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] during the late 1990s.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
*'''T53 Single Shot Initial Bullet Speed Testing Carbine''': This very rare variant in 7.62×39 was a purposely built single shot carbine chambered for the testing the 7.62×39 cartridge. The only known examples of this carbine have a barrel shank marking of 1960.11, indicating it was made in the November 1960 time frame. There are only two known examples of these carbines that were exported out of China to the USA. The carbine has a blued finish, 20.5" barrel, hooded post front sight, fixed rear sight, straight bolt handle, smooth wood handguard, straight grip shoulder stock with finger groove forend and smooth metal butt plate. The 7.62×39 cartridge is manually loaded into the chamber. The bolt is a standard Mosin–Nagant bolt with modified bolt head to center cartridge in chamber.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.m9130.info/models-guide | title=Soviet bolt action rifles and carbines models guide }}</ref>{{fcn|date=August 2024}}

===Hungary===
* '''Mosin–Nagant Model 1948 Infantry Rifle''' Gyalogsági Puska, 48.M (48.Minta): Produced by the FÉG (Fémáru- Fegyver- és Gépgyár Rt.) plant in Budapest, these high-quality versions of the Soviet Model 1891/30 were produced from 1949 to possibly as late as 1955. They are characterized by a high-quality finish and the marking of all parts with the "02" stamp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mosi48.htm |title=Mosin Nagant Model 1948 Infantry Rifle |website=Hungarian Mosin Nagant Rifles |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011182021/http://www.hungariae.com/Mosi48.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>
* {{lang|hu|italic=no|'''Fémaru- Fegyver- és Gépgyár'''}} (FÉG) manufactured a M1891 sniper version based on the 48 in the 1950s. This model was used extensively by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{harvnb|Lapin|2013|p=153}}</ref> [[File:Mosin pu hungarian M52.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Hungarian M/52 rifle with [[PU scope|PU 3.5× optics]]]]
* '''M/52''': A direct copy of the original Soviet Model 1891/30 sniper rifle. Identifying features include:
** Darkly blued steel and high quality machining.
** An "02" stamp on every component of the rifle, identifying it as manufactured in Hungary.
* '''M44 Pattern''': Domestically produced version of post war pattern Soviet M44 Carbine marked "02".

===Romania===
[[File:Mosin Nagant md. 1891 Romanian 1930 carbine.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Model 1891 Romanian 1930s carbine conversion]]
[[File:Romanian Mosin Nagant M44 carbine.png|thumb|upright=1.25|1954 [[Cugir Arms Factory|Cugir]]-produced M44 Mosin]]
* Triangular shaped markings, some with an arrow inside, on many components of the rifle. Normally three "R"'s surrounded by crossed stalks with leaves pointing outwards are on the top of the breech. Year stamps are quite visible. The trigger assembly is unique in the Romanian 91/30 and is adjustable. It is not interchangeable with other Mosins.
* '''1930s Carbine''': After the First World War, Romania captured a large number of Mosin-Nagants from Russia. Due to the need for more carbines, an order for 10.000 Mosin-Nagant carbine conversions was placed in the mid to late 1930s. The modifications added to the rifles included bent bolt handles, new rear sights, removal of the original muzzle, shortening of the barrel, as well as adding a metal housing to hold the bayonet. The carbines were kept in service after the Second World War as Romania became part of the [[Soviet bloc]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/romanian-1930s-mosin-carbine-conversion/|title=Romanian 1930s Mosin Carbine Conversion|author=Ian McCollum|work=[[Forgotten Weapons]]|date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
* '''M44 Pattern''': Domestically produced version of post war pattern Soviet M44 Carbine during the years 1953 to 1955. Variances to the Soviet pattern produced minor differences.
* '''Suppressed M44 Pattern''':<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/carabina-model-1944 |title=Carbine model 1944 |website=Rumania Military.ro |access-date=28 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101526/http://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/carabina-model-1944 |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Domestically produced adaptation of the M44, with a long integral suppressor and an LPS 4×6° TIP2 telescopic sight, same as the one used on the [[PSL (rifle)|PSL]] rifle. Only a small number were modified, for use with the USLA – a very small counter-terrorism unit of the [[Securitate]]
* '''M91/30 Pattern''': Domestically produced version Soviet pattern M91 during the year 1955. Some of the guns are marked "INSTRUCTIE" and held in reserve for a secondary line of defense in case of invasion. The Instructie mark is typically, but not always, accompanied by a broad red band on the buttstock. Some collectors do not consider these safe to fire, but most appear to be in good working order although well worn and somewhat neglected. The "EXERCITIU" mark is found on rifles that seem to have been used specifically for training purposes only. The "EXERCITIU" rifles are easily recognized by the black paint on the entire butt of the stock. They are not intended to be fired since the firing pin is clipped and many times parts critical to their proper function are missing.

===Poland===
{{main|Karabinek wz. 91/98/23}}
* '''wz. 91/98/23''': Conversion to the 7.92mm×57 Mauser cartridge, with a magazine modified to feed rimless cartridges. It used the original Russian spike bayonet.
* '''wz. 91/98/25''': Conversion to the 7.92mm×57 Mauser cartridge, with a magazine modified to feed rimless cartridges and a bayonet mounting bar to allow the use of Mauser 1898 bayonets.
* '''wz. 91/98/26''': Conversion to the 7.92mm×57 Mauser cartridge, with a magazine modified to feed rimless cartridges and a bayonet mounting bar to allow the use of Mauser 1898 bayonets. It has a modified two-piece ejector/interrupter similar to Mauser pattern rifles.
* '''wz. 44''': Domestically produced version of post war pattern Soviet M44 carbine, marked with the Polish "circle 11".
* '''wz. 48''': A Polish single shot military trainer modeled in the image of the Mosin–Nagant M38 carbine. Produced from 1948 until 1960, the wz48 was used to train Czech and Polish military cadets. It is chambered in [[.22 Long Rifle]].

===United States===
* '''Russian three-line rifle, caliber 7.62mm (.30 inches)''': Due to the desperate shortage of arms and the shortcomings of a still-developing domestic industry, the Russian government ordered 1.5 million M1891 infantry rifles from Remington Arms and another 1.8 million from New England Westinghouse in the United States. Most of these rifles were not delivered before the outbreak of the October Revolution and the subsequent signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] which ended hostilities between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia. When the Bolsheviks formed a new government, they defaulted on the Imperial Russian contracts with the American arsenals, with the result that New England Westinghouse and Remington were stuck with hundreds of thousands of Mosin–Nagants. The US government bought up the remaining stocks, saving Remington and Westinghouse from bankruptcy. The rifles in Great Britain armed [[Entente intervention in the Russian Civil War|the US and British expeditionary forces]] sent to [[North Russia Campaign|North Russia in 1918 and 1919]]. The rifles still in the US ended up being primarily used as training firearms for the US Army. Some were used to equip [[US National Guard]], SATC and [[ROTC]] units. Collectors have taken to calling these rifles, "U.S. Magazine Rifle, 7.62mm, Model of 1916", though no official source for this designation has ever been cited. Ordnance documents refer to the rifles as "Russian three-line rifle, caliber 7.62mm (.30 inches)".<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Ordnance Data |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |date=1918 |page=330}}</ref> In 1917, 50,000 of these rifles were sent via [[Vladivostok]] to equip the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] in Siberia to aid in their attempt to secure passage to France. During the interwar period, the rifles which had been taken over by the US military were sold to private citizens in the United States by the Director of Civilian Marksmanship, the predecessor agency to the current Civilian Marksmanship Program. They were sold for the sum of $3.00 each. If unaltered to chamber the US standard [[.30-06 Springfield]] rimless cartridge, these rifles are prized by collectors because they do not have the import marks required by law to be stamped or engraved on military surplus firearms brought into the United States from other countries

===Ukraine===
* '''{{ill|VM MP-UOS|uk|ВМ МП-УОС}}''': In 2015, the Ukrainian state-owned {{ill|Ukroboronservice|uk|Укроборонсервіс}} developed a modernized M1891/30 sniper rifle. It has an aluminum alloy and polymer composite stock,  detachable magazine, the [[Picatinny rail]] for mounting optical sights, a folding telescopic bipod, and can be fitted with a [[muzzle brake]] or [[Silencer (firearms)|suppressor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miles |date=2016-03-31 |title=Mosin Nagant PSR? |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/03/31/mosin-nagant-psr/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=thefirearmblog.com |language=en}}</ref> The prototype was demonstrated on 13 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |script-title=uk:Демонстрація Снайперської Гвинтівки ВМ МП-УОС |language=uk |url=http://uos.ua/press-center/novosti/demonstratsiya-snayperskoyi-gvintivki-vm-mp-uos |access-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151226/http://uos.ua/press-center/novosti/demonstratsiya-snayperskoyi-gvintivki-vm-mp-uos |archive-date=2015-11-23 }}</ref> On 18 March 2016, ten rifles were delivered for testing to the Sniper Training Center of the National Guard of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-20 |script-title=uk:Українським військовим передали першу партію експериментальної снайперської зброї (фото) : Новини УНІАН |language=uk |url=http://www.unian.ua/society/1294076-ukrajinskim-viyskovim-peredali-pershu-partiyu-eksperimentalnoji-snayperskoji-zbroji-foto.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320191104/http://www.unian.ua/society/1294076-ukrajinskim-viyskovim-peredali-pershu-partiyu-eksperimentalnoji-snayperskoji-zbroji-foto.html |archive-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Олександр Турчинов вручив гвинтівки нацгвардійцям 0621 (26221728026).jpg|VM MP-UOS, equipped with the muzzle brake. The characteristic bolt of the Mosin–Nagant can be seen.
File:Олександр Турчинов вручив гвинтівки нацгвардійцям 0673 (26181372731).jpg|Left side.
File:Високопосадовці оглянули новітні зразки зброї на полігоні Нацгвардії 9112 (22752399427).jpg|Equipped with a suppressor and detachable magazine.
</gallery>