Editing Montenegro (section)

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Montenegro}}

[[File:Montenegro_Map.png|thumb|left|Map of Montenegro]]

Montenegro features high peaks along its borders with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Serbia. Its geography also includes a segment of the [[karst]] of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal plain that is only {{convert|1.5|to|6|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} wide. The plain stops abruptly in the north, where [[Mount Lovćen]] and [[Mount Orjen]] plunge into the inlet of the Bay of Kotor.<ref name="The Natural Adventure 2023 x643">{{cite web | title=Montenegro walking holidays | website=The Natural Adventure | date=2023-01-19 | url=https://www.thenaturaladventure.com/adventures/montenegro-walking-holidays/ | access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref>

Montenegro's large karst region lies generally at elevations of {{convert|1000|m|sigfig=3}} above sea level; some parts, however, rise to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}, such as [[Mount Orjen]] {{convert|1894|m|sigfig=3}}, the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges. The [[Zeta River]] valley, at an elevation of {{convert|500|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, is the lowest segment.
{{Multiple image
| caption_align     = center
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Koplje,_Sjeverni_and_Veliki_vrh.jpg   
| image2            = Buljarica_beach.jpg
| image3            = Montenegro_1_(35783841882).jpg
| caption1          = [[Accursed Mountains|Prokletije National Park]]     
| caption2          = Montenegrin coast, [[Buljarica]] beach
| caption3          =[[Lake Skadar|Lake Skadar National Park]] is a [[biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]] of [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater biodiversity]] 
}}

The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrains in Europe, averaging more than {{convert|2000|m|abbr=off}} in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is [[Bobotov Kuk]] in the [[Durmitor]] mountains, which reaches a height of {{convert|2522|m|sigfig=3}} and was previously thought to be the country's highest point. In 2018, new [[triangulation]] measurements showed that [[Zla Kolata]] in the [[Prokletije]] mountains, which reaches a height of {{convert|2534|m|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="Gajević Gajević 2023 c815">{{cite web | last1=Gajević | first1=Jasna | title=Snagom volje do vrha Zla Kolata | website=vijesti.me | date=2023-10-07 | url=https://www.vijesti.me/blogovi/676706/snagom-volje-do-vrha-zla-kolata | language=sr | access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Owing to the hyperhumid climate on their western sides, the Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.

Internationally, Montenegro borders [[Serbia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]], [[Albania]] and [[Croatia]]. It lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[44°N]], and longitudes [[18th meridian east|18°]] and [[21st meridian east|21°E]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
| width="50%" | '''Montenegro have many national parks, making it important for its biodiversity, the national parks include''': the [[Durmitor National Park]] (1952), having an area of {{convert|390|km2|ha|0}}, is also a massif. Located in the [[Dinaric Alps]], the Belgrade–Bar railway crosses the mountains in it; the [[Biogradska Gora National Park]] (1952), spans to {{convert|54|km2|ha|0}}, being as well a forest, the park was recognised as one of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]]; the [[Lovćen|Lovćen National Park]] (1952) is located in southwestern Montenegro, it is the inspiration behind the names of Montenegro and ''[[Crna Gora]]'', the area is {{convert|64|km2|ha|0}}; the [[Lake Skadar|Lake Skadar National Park]] (1983) is a big lake lying on the [[Albania-Montenegro border]], the national park measure approximately {{convert|400|km2|ha|0}}; the [[Prokletije|Prokletije National Park]] (2009) is a moutain range including [[Gjeravica|the second tallest mountain of Montenegro]], the park have an area of {{convert|166|km2|ha|0}}.
|}

Montenegro is a member of the [[International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River]], as more than {{convert|2000|km2|0|abbr=on}} of the country's territory lie within the [[Danube]] [[Drainage basin|catchment area]].

=== Biodiversity ===
[[File:NP Lovćen (by Pudelek) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Lovćen]], southern region of Montenegro]]
The diversity of the geological base, landscape, climate, and soil, and the position of Montenegro on the Balkan Peninsula and Adriatic Sea, created the conditions for high biological diversity, putting Montenegro among the "hot-spots" of European and world biodiversity. The number of species per area unit index in Montenegro is 0.837, the highest in any European country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Environment Reporter 2010|year=2011|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro|page=22}}</ref>

Biological estimates suggest that over 1,200 species of freshwater algae, 300 species of marine algae, 589 species of moss, 7,000–8,000 species of vascular plants, 2,000 species of fungi, 16,000–20,000 species of insects, 407 species of marine fish, 56 species of reptile, 333 species of regularly visiting birds and a high species diversity of mammals are found in Montenegro.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity 1970">{{cite web| title=Main Details| website=Home {{pipe}} Convention on Biological Diversity| date=1 January 1970| url=https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=me| access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

Montenegro can be divided into two main [[biogeographic]] regions, which include the [[Mediterranean Biogeographic Region]] and the [[Alpine Biogeographic Region]].<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity 1970"/> It is also home to three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Balkan mixed forests]], [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]], and [[Illyrian deciduous forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> It had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 6.41/10, ranking it 73rd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The total share of protected areas in Montenegro is 9.05% of the country's area, which mainly comes from the five [[national parks of Montenegro]].<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity 1970"/>