Editing Misandry (section)

==In feminism==
[[File:Male_tears_embroidery_02.jpg|alt=<nowiki>Embroidery of Male tears</nowiki>|thumb|250x250px|Entrepreneurs on [[Etsy]] sold embroidery parodying the concept of misandry.<ref name="Hess 2014">{{Cite web |last=Hess |first=Amanda |date=8 August 2014 |title=The Rise of the Ironic Man-Hater |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/08/ironic-misandry-why-feminists-joke-about-drinking-male-tears-and-banning-all-men.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Slate |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605121801/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/08/ironic-misandry-why-feminists-joke-about-drinking-male-tears-and-banning-all-men.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[Antifeminism|Opponents of feminism]] often argue that feminism is misandrist; citing examples such as opposition to shared parenting by NOW, or opposition to equal rape and domestic violence laws. The validity of these perceptions and of the concept has been claimed{{By whom|date=October 2024}} as promoting a [[false equivalence]] between misandry and misogyny.<ref name="Kimmel 2013" /> [[Radical feminism]] has often been associated with misandry in the public consciousness. However, radical feminist arguments have also been misinterpreted, and individual radical feminists such as [[Valerie Solanas]], best known for her [[Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol|attempted assassination]] of artist [[Andy Warhol]] in 1968, have historically had a higher profile in popular culture than within feminist scholarship.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pilcher |first1=Jane |title=50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies |last2=Whelehan |first2=Imelda |date=2004 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=London |isbn=978-1-4129-3207-3 |page=67 |language=en |author-link=Jane Pilcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Payton |first=Joanne |date=2012 |title=Book Review: Anthony Synnott ''Re-thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims'' |journal=Sociology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=767–8 |doi=10.1177/0038038512444951 |doi-access= |s2cid=146967261 |issn=0038-0385}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2024|reason=Solanas shooting not mentioned by either Pilcher/Whelehan or Payton}}

Historian [[Alice Echols]] argues that the misandry displayed by Solanas in her tract the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' was not typical for radical feminists of the time: "Solanas's unabashed misandry—especially her belief in men's biological inferiority—her endorsement of relationships between 'independent women,' and her dismissal of sex as 'the refuge of the mindless' contravened the sort of radical feminism which prevailed in most women's groups across the country."<ref name="Echols p104">{{cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |date=1989 |pages=104–105 |isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/104/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref>
Radical feminist [[Andrea Dworkin]] criticized what she called a [[biological determinist]] strand that she found "with increasing frequency in feminist circles"; according to Dworkin, this included the view that males are biologically inferior to women and violent by nature, requiring a [[gendercide]] to allow for the emergence of a "new ''Übermensch'' Womon".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dworkin |first=Andrea |date=Summer 1978 |title=Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea |url=http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf |journal=Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics |series=<!--No. 2--> |volume=2 |issue=6 |page=46 |issn=0146-3411 <!-- |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230447/http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf |url-status=live-->}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2025}}

Melinda Kanner and Kristin J. Anderson argue that "man-hater feminist" represents the popular antifeminist myth which has no any scientific evidences, and it's rather the antifeminists who perhaps hate men.<ref name="Kanner 2010">{{cite book |last1=Kanner |first1=Melinda |last2=Anderson |first2=Kristin J. |editor1-last=Paludi |editor1-first=Michele A. |title=Feminism and Women's Rights Worldwide, Volume 1: Heritage, Roles, and Issues |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-37597-2 |pages=1–25 |language=en |chapter=The Myth of the Man-Hating Feminist}}</ref>{{Explain|date=January 2025}}

Feminist author [[bell hooks]] writes that the contemporary [[feminist movement]] was from its beginnings portrayed in the mass media as man-hating, even though anti-male factions were a small minority of [[women's liberation]] advocates.<ref name="hooks 2005 p108">{{cite book |last1=hooks |first1=bell |title=The Will To Change: Men, Masculinity and Love |date=2005 |publisher=Washington Square Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7434-5608-1 |pages=108–109 |url=https://archive.org/details/willtochangemen00hook/page/108/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="hooks 2000 p69">{{cite book |last1=hooks |first1=bell |title=Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |date=2000 |publisher=South End Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-89608-629-6 |page=69 |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook/page/69/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref> Hooks argues that [[liberal feminist]]s' demonization of men as all-powerful misogynist oppressors was a product of [[bourgeois]] white women's envy of the privileges held by upper-class white men, and that such anti-male sentiments "alienated many poor and working class women, particularly non-white women" from the movement.<ref name="hooks 1984 p67">{{cite book |first=bell |last=hooks |title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center |publisher=South End Press |location=Boston |date=1984 |pages=67–68 |isbn=978-0-89608-222-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryfr00hook/page/67/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref> She writes that anti-male factions received outsized attention from the mass media, leading the [[men's movement]] to take an anti-female stance which "mirrored the most negative aspects" of the women's movement.<ref name="hooks 2000 p69"/>

Sociologist Anthony Synnott argues that certain forms of [[feminism]] present misandristic view of gender. He argues that men are presented as having power over others regardless of the actual power they possess<ref name="Synnott 2016" />{{Rp|161}} and that some feminists define the experience of being male inaccurately through writing on [[masculinity]]. He further argues that some forms of feminism create an [[In-group and out-group|in-group]] of women, simplifies the nuances of gender issues,  demonizes those who are not feminists and legimitizes victimization by way of retributive justice.<ref name="Synnott 2016" />{{Rp|162}}
Reviewing Synnott, Roman Kuhar argues that Synnott might not accurately represent the views of feminism, commenting that "whether it re-thinks men in a manner in which men have not been thought of in feminist theory, is another question."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuhar |first=Roman |title=Re-Thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims |journal=Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews |date=2011 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.1177/0094306110391764ccc |s2cid=144037921 |issn=0094-3061}}</ref>

Sociologist [[Allan G. Johnson]] argues in ''[[The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy]]'' that accusations of man-hating have been used to put down feminists and to shift attention onto men, reinforcing a male-centered culture.<ref name="Johnson p107">{{cite book |page=107 |title=The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy |edition=revised 2nd |last=Johnson |first=Alan G. |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-59213-384-0}}</ref> Johnson posits that culture offers no comparable anti-male ideology to misogyny and that "people often confuse men as individuals with men as a dominant and privileged category of people. Given the reality of women's oppression, male privilege, and men's enforcement of both, it's hardly surprising that {{em|every}} woman should have moments where she resents or even hates 'men.{{' "}}{{r|Johnson p107}} [emphasis in original]

A [[meta-analysis]] in 2023 published in the journal [[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different than that of non-feminists or men towards men, and termed the phenomenon the {{em|misandry myth}}: "We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement."<ref name="Hopkins-Doyle 2023">{{cite journal |title=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men |date=2023 |last1=Hopkins-Doyle |first1=A. |last2=Petterson |first2=A. L. |last3=Leach |first3=S. |last4=Zibell |first4=H. |last5=Chobthamkit |first5=P. |last6=Binti Abdul Rahim |first6=S. |last7=Blake |first7=J. |last8=Bosco |first8=C. |last9=Cherrie-Rees |first9=K. |last10=Beadle |first10=A. |last11=Cock |first11=V. |last12=Greer |first12=H. |last13=Jankowska |first13=A. |last14=Macdonald |first14=K. |last15=Scott English |first15=A. |last16=Wai Lan YEUNG |first16=V. |last17=Asano |first17=R. |last18=Beattie |first18=P. |last19=Bernardo |first19=A. B. I. |last20=Sutton |first20=R. M. |display-authors=3 |doi=10.1177/03616843231202708 |doi-access=free |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=8–37 |issn=1471-6402}}</ref>