Editing Martial law (section)

===Egypt===
{{See also|Emergency law in Egypt}}[[File:Outside midtown of Tahrir area, Cairo during martial law, 4 February 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Martial law in Egypt: Egyptian tanks used in a checkpoint near midtown Tahrir during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]].]]
In Egypt, [[Emergency law in Egypt|states of emergency]] were in effect almost continuously from 1967 to 2021. A state of emergency gives military courts the power to try civilians and allows the government to detain for renewable 45-day periods and without court orders anyone deemed to be threatening state security. Public demonstrations are banned under the legislation.

During [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s presidency, parliament had renewed emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws. After the [[2006 Dahab bombings|Dahab bombings]] in April of that year, it was renewed for another two years.<ref>Simon Apiku. Egypt to lift 25-year-old emergency laws. ''Middle East On-line'', 23 March 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/egypt/?id%3D16072 |title=Middle East Online |access-date=2006-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824203620/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/egypt/?id=16072 |archive-date=2006-08-24 }}</ref><ref>Joelle Bassoul. Egypt renews state of emergency for two years. ''Middle East On-line'', 1 May 2005. [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=16348] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218005629/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=16348|date=2015-02-18}}</ref> In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010.<ref>Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa al-Omrani. "Egypt: Despair Over Two More Years of Martial Law." ''Inter Press Service News Agency.'' {{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews%3D42617 |title=EGYPT: Despair over Two More Years of Martial Law |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518164448/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42617 |archive-date=2009-05-18 }}</ref> In May 2010, the state of emergency was further extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to 'Terrorism and Drugs' suspects. On 10 February 2011, during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|uprising against his rule]], Mubarak promised the deletion of the relevant constitutional article regarding the emergency law in an attempt to please the mass number of protesters that demanded him to resign. The following day, he stepped down and handed control of the country to the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]]. It meant that the presidential executive powers, the parliamentary legislative powers and the judicial powers all transferred directly to the military system which may delegate powers back and forth to any civilian institution within its territory.

The military issued in its third announcement the "end of the State of Emergency as soon as order is restored in Egypt". Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the civilian power to declare a state of emergency. When in martial law, the military gained all powers of the state, including to dissolve the parliament and suspend the constitution as it did in its fifth announcement. Under martial law, the only legal framework within the Egyptian territory was the numbered announcements from the military. These announcements could for instance order any civilian laws to come back into force. The military announcements (communiqués) were the ''de facto'' only constitution and legal framework for the Egyptian territory. It meant that all affairs of the state were bound by the [[Geneva Conventions]].

Under the current president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], a series of [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|constitutional amendments passed in 2019]] granted the military authority to intervene in national politics to "preserve the constitution and democracy, protect the basic principles of the state and its civil nature, and protect the people's rights and freedoms". The armed forces were separately granted policing responsibilities to arrest civilians and "protect public and vital facilities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Egypt's Sisi begins new term with law expanding military's power to arrest civilians |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-sisi-begins-new-term-new-law-expanding-militarys-power |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=The Changing Role of the Egyptian Military Under el-Sisi |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-changing-role-of-the-egyptian-military-under-el-sisi-156254 |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=[[Institute for International Political Studies]] |language=en-US}}</ref>