Editing Mars in fiction (section)

== Human survival ==
As stories about an inhabited Mars fell out of favour in the mid-1900s amid mounting evidence of the planet's inhospitable nature, they were replaced by stories about enduring the harsh conditions of the planet.<ref name="WestfahlMars" /><ref name="GreenwoodMars" /> Themes in this tradition include [[Space colonization|colonization]], [[terraforming]], and pure survival stories.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="WestfahlMars" /><ref name="GreenwoodMars" />

=== Colonization ===
The [[colonization of Mars]] became a major theme in science fiction in the 1950s.<ref name="SFEMars" /> The central piece of Martian fiction in this era was [[Ray Bradbury]]'s 1950 [[fix-up]] novel ''[[The Martian Chronicles]]'', which contains a series of loosely connected stories depicting the first few decades of human efforts to colonize Mars.<ref name="MarkleyLimitsOfImagination" /><ref name="CrossleyThreshold" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023<!-- 11 December --> |title=Bradbury, Ray |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bradbury_ray |access-date=2024-02-03 |edition=4th |author1-last=Nicholls |author1-first=Peter |author1-link=Peter Nicholls (writer) |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=George |title=The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |date=2001 |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1 |pages=74 |language=en |chapter=Bradbury, Ray |author-link=George Mann (writer) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/74/mode/2up}}</ref> Unlike later works on this theme, ''The Martian Chronicles'' makes no attempt at realism (Mars has a breathable atmosphere, for instance, even though [[spectrographic analysis]] had at that time revealed no detectable amounts of [[oxygen]]); Bradbury said that "Mars is a mirror, not a crystal", a vehicle for [[social commentary]] rather than attempts to predict the future.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="TheNewMartianNovel" /><ref name="CrossleyThreshold" /> Contemporary issues touched upon in the book include [[McCarthyism]] in "[[Usher II]]", [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] and [[lynching in the United States]] in "[[Way in the Middle of the Air]]", and [[nuclear anxiety]] throughout.<ref name="CrossleyThreshold" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Elisabeth Anne |title=The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01657-5 |editor-last=James |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Edward James (historian) |pages=256–257 |language=en |chapter=Race and Ethnicity in Science Fiction |editor-last2=Mendlesohn |editor-first2=Farah |editor-link2=Farah Mendlesohn |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55wUHXiay-gC&pg=PA256}}</ref> There are also several allusions to the [[European colonization of the Americas]]: the first few missions to Mars in the book encounter Martians, with direct references to both [[Hernán Cortés]] and the [[Trail of Tears]], but the indigenous population soon goes extinct due to [[chickenpox]] in a parallel to the [[virgin soil epidemic]]s that [[Native American disease and epidemics|devastated Native American populations]] as a result of the [[Columbian exchange]].<ref name="MarkleyLimitsOfImagination" /><ref name="GreenwoodMars" /><ref name="AshgateExtraterrestrial" /><ref name="CrossleyThreshold" />

The majority of works about colonizing Mars endeavoured to portray the challenges of doing so realistically.<ref name="SFEMars" /> The hostile environment of the planet is countered by the colonists bringing [[life-support system]]s in works like the 1951 novel ''[[The Sands of Mars]]'' by [[Arthur C. Clarke]] and the 1966 short story "[[We Can Remember It for You Wholesale]]" by [[Philip K. Dick]],<ref name="WestfahlMars" /><ref name="CrossleyScientificAdvances" /> the early colonists during the centuries-long terraforming process in the 1953 short story "[[Crucifixus Etiam]]" by [[Walter M. Miller Jr.]] are dependent on [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|a machine that oxygenates their blood]] from the thin atmosphere,<ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Adam |title=The History of Science Fiction |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-56957-8 |edition=2nd |series=Palgrave Histories of Literature |pages=315 |language=en |chapter=Golden Age SF: 1940–1960 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_11 |oclc=956382503 |author-link=Adam Roberts (British writer) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq7LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA315}}</ref> and the scarcity of oxygen even after generations of terraforming forces the colonists to live in a [[domed city]] in the 1953 novel ''[[Police Your Planet]]'' by [[Lester del Rey]].<ref name="MarkleyLimitsOfImagination" /> In the 1955 fix-up novel ''[[Alien Dust]]'' by [[Edwin Charles Tubb]], colonists are unable to return to a life on Earth because inhaling the Martian dust has given them [[pneumoconiosis]] and the lower gravity has [[Muscle atrophy|atrophied their muscles]].<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="StablefordMars" /><ref name="BostonBroderick">{{Cite book |last1=Boston |first1=John |title=Building New Worlds, 1946–1959: The Carnell Era, Volume One |last2=Broderick |first2=Damien |date=2013 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-4720-3 |pages=87–89 |language=en |chapter=Temporary Stability (1951–53) |author-link=<!-- No article at present (July 2022); amateur science fiction critic, lawyer, co-author of ''Prisoners' Self-help Litigation Manual'' --> |author-link2=Damien Broderick |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j70AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87}}</ref> The 1952 novel ''[[Outpost Mars]]'' by [[Cyril Judd]] (joint pseudonym of [[Cyril M. Kornbluth]] and [[Judith Merril]]) revolves around an attempt at making a Mars colony economically sustainable by way of resource extraction.<ref name="AshleyLostMars" />

Mars colonies seeking independence from or outright revolting against Earth is a recurring motif;<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="CrossleyThreshold" /> in del Rey's ''Police Your Planet'' a revolution is precipitated by Earth using unrest against the colony's corrupt mayor as a pretext for bringing Mars under firmer [[:wikt:Terran|Terran]] control,<ref name="MarkleyLimitsOfImagination" /><ref name="CrossleyAlternativeVisions">{{Cite book |last=Crossley |first=Robert |title=Future Wars: The Anticipations and the Fears |date=2012 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-84631-755-2 |editor-last=Seed |editor-first=David |editor-link=<!-- No article at present (April 2024); Wikidata Q112491049 --> |pages=66–84 |language=en |chapter=From Invasion to Liberation: Alternative Visions of Mars, Planet of War |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx_xd0cYPowC&pg=PA66}}</ref><ref name="CrossleyScientificAdvances" /> and in Tubb's ''Alien Dust'' the colonists [[Nuclear blackmail|threaten Earth with nuclear weapons]] unless their demands for necessary resources are met.<ref name="BostonBroderick" /> In the 1952 short story "[[The Martian Way]]" by [[Isaac Asimov]], Martian colonists [[Space mining|extract water]] from the [[rings of Saturn]] so as not to depend on importing water from Earth.<ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /><ref name="CrossleyAlternativeVisions" /><ref name="CrossleyThreshold" /> Besides direct conflicts with Earth, Mars colonies get other kinds of unfavourable treatment in several works. Mars is a dilapidated colony and neglected in favour of locations outside of the Solar System in the 1967 novel ''[[Born Under Mars]]'' by [[John Brunner (author)|John Brunner]],<ref name="SFEMars" /> a place where political dissidents and criminals are [[exile]]d in ''Police Your Planet'',<ref name="CrossleyScientificAdvances" /> and the site of an outright [[prison colony]] in the 1966 novel ''[[Farewell, Earth's Bliss]]'' by [[David G. Compton]].<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="GreenwoodMars" /> The vision of Mars as a prison colony recurs in [[Japanese science fiction]] author [[Moto Hagio]]'s 1978–1979 [[manga]] series ''[[Star Red]]'' (''スター・レッド''), a [[Homage (arts)|homage]] to Bradbury's ''The Martian Chronicles''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Hagio Moto |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/hagio_moto |access-date=2023-06-20 |edition=4th |author1-last=Clements |author1-first=Jonathan |author1-link=Jonathan Clements |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref> The independence theme was adopted by on-screen portrayals of Mars colonies in the 1990s in works like the 1990 film ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]'' (a loose adaptation of Dick's "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"<!-- probably not necessary to have an inline source for this uncontroversial description, but if anyone objects: <ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Adam |title=The History of Science Fiction |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-137-56957-8 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=411 |language=en |chapter=SF Screen Media, 1960–2000: Hollywood Cinema and TV |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_13 |oclc=956382503 |author-link=Adam Roberts (British writer) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq7LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA411}}</ref> -->) and the 1994–1998 television series ''[[Babylon 5]]'', now both in terms of Earth-based governments and—likely inspired by the emergence of [[Reaganomics]]—especially corporations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=Stanley |last2=Michalski |first2=Nicki L. |last3=Stanley |first3=Ruth J. H. |date=March 2012 |title=Are There Tea Parties on Mars? Business and Politics in Science Fiction Films |url=https://www.academia.edu/4903396 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Literature and Art Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=383, 387–388, 390, 394 |issn=2159-5836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901154557/https://www.academia.edu/4903396/Are_There_Tea_Parties_on_Mars_Business_and_Politics_in_Science_Fiction_Films |archive-date=2023-09-01}}</ref>

=== Terraforming ===
{{Further|Terraforming in popular culture}}
[[File:MarsTransitionV.jpg|alt=Artist's impression of the hypothetical phases of the terraforming of Mars|thumb|Some works depict Mars being [[Terraforming|terraformed]] to enable [[Planetary habitability|human habitation]].]]
Clarke's ''The Sands of Mars'' features one of the earliest depictions of [[Terraforming of Mars|terraforming Mars]] to make it more hospitable to human life; in the novel, the [[atmosphere of Mars]] is made breathable by plants that release [[Oxide mineral|oxygen from minerals]] in the [[Martian soil]], and the [[Climate of Mars|climate]] is improved by creating an artificial sun.<ref name="HotakainenMarsFiction" /><ref name="ReadingMars" /> The theme appeared occasionally in other 1950s works like the aforementioned "Crucifixus Etiam" and ''Police Your Planet'', but largely fell out of favour in the 1960s as the scale of the associated challenges became apparent.<ref name="ScienceFictionAndEcology" /><ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2020 |title=Terraforming |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/terraforming |access-date=2022-08-22 |edition=4th |author1-last=Edwards |author1-first=Malcolm |author1-link=Malcolm Edwards |author2-last=Stableford |author2-first=Brian |author2-link=Brian Stableford |author3-last=Langford |author3-first=David |author3-link=David Langford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref> By the 1970s, Martian literature as a whole had mostly succumbed to the discouragement of finding the planet's conditions to be so hostile, and stories set on Mars became much less common than they had been in previous decades.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="ReadingMars" />

A resurgence of popularity of the terraforming theme began to emerge in the late 1970s in light of data from the ''[[Viking program|Viking]]'' probes suggesting that there might be substantial quantities of non-liquid and sub-surface [[water on Mars]]; among the earliest such works are the 1977 novel ''The Martian Inca'' by Ian Watson and the 1978 novel ''[[A Double Shadow]]'' by [[Frederick Turner (poet)|Frederick Turner]].<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /><ref name="MartianMusings" /><ref name="CrossleyMarsRemade" /> Works depicting the terraforming of Mars continued to appear throughout the 1980s. The 1984 novel ''[[The Greening of Mars]]'' by [[James Lovelock]] and [[Michael Allaby]], a study on how Mars might be settled and terraformed presented in the form of a fiction narrative, was influential on science and fiction alike.<ref name="ScienceFictionAndEcology" /><ref name="CrossleyMarsRemade" /><ref name="MarkleyFallingIntoTheory">{{Cite book |last=Markley |first=Robert |title=Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination |date=2005 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8727-5 |pages=355–384 |language=en |chapter=Falling into Theory: Terraformation and Eco-Economics in Kim Stanley Robinson's Martian Trilogy |quote=Robinson's trilogy is structured ideationally as a series of conflicts between competing visions of terraforming Mars and, therefore, opposing views of politics, economics, and social organization. |author-link=Robert Markley |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loalUL6vakoC&pg=PA355}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Allaby, Michael |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/allaby_michael |access-date=2023-07-14 |edition=4th |author1-last=Clute |author1-first=John |author1-link=John Clute |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}|{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Lovelock, James |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lovelock_james |access-date=2023-07-14 |edition=4th |author1-last=Langford |author1-first=David |author1-link=David Langford |author2-last=Clute |author2-first=John |author2-link=John Clute |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}}}</ref> [[Kim Stanley Robinson]] was an early prolific writer on the subject with the 1982 short story "[[Exploring Fossil Canyon]]", the 1984 novel ''[[Icehenge]]'', and the 1985 short story "[[Green Mars (novella)|Green Mars]]". Turner revisited the concept in 1988 with ''[[Genesis (poem)|Genesis]]'', a 10,000-line [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] written in [[iambic pentameter]], and [[Ian McDonald (British author)|Ian McDonald]] combined terraforming with [[Magic realism|magical realism]] in the 1988 novel ''[[Desolation Road]]''.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /><ref name="CrossleyMarsRemade" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Jo |author-link=Jo Walton |date=2009-12-21 |title=Magical Realist Mars: Ian McDonald's ''Desolation Road'' |url=https://www.tor.com/2009/12/21/magical-realist-mars-ian-mcdonalds-lemgdesolation-roadlemg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007020647/https://www.tor.com/2009/12/21/magical-realist-mars-ian-mcdonalds-lemgdesolation-roadlemg/ |archive-date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Tor.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

By the 1990s, terraforming had become the predominant theme in Martian fiction.<ref name="SFEMars" /> Several methods for accomplishing it were depicted, including ancient alien artefacts in the 1990 film ''Total Recall'' and the 1997 novel ''[[Mars Underground (novel)|Mars Underground]]'' by [[William Kenneth Hartmann]],<ref name="GreenwoodMars" /><ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /> utilizing indigenous animal lifeforms in the 1991 novel ''[[Martian Rainbow]]''<!-- Crossley mistakenly gives the title as "The Martian Rainbow" --> by [[Robert L. Forward]],<ref name="CrossleyScientificAdvances" /> and relocating the entire planet to a new [[Planetary system|solar system]] in the 1993 novel ''[[Moving Mars]]'' by [[Greg Bear]].<ref name="GreenwoodMars" /><ref name="CrossleyBeingThere">{{Cite book |last=Crossley |first=Robert |title=[[Imagining Mars: A Literary History]] |date=2011 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1 |pages=265–268, 271, 277, 279–283 |language=en |chapter=Being There |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA271}}</ref> The 1993 novel ''[[Red Dust (McAuley novel)|Red Dust]]'' by [[Paul J. McAuley]] portrays Mars in the process of reverting to its natural state after an abandoned attempt at terraforming it.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="Baxter" /><ref name="CrossleyScientificAdvances" /> With a Mars settled primarily by China, ''Red Dust'' also belongs to a tradition of portraying a multicultural Mars that developed parallel to the rise to prominence of the terraforming theme. Other such works include the 1989 novel ''[[Crescent in the Sky]]'' by [[Donald Moffitt]], where Arabs apply their experience with surviving in desert conditions to living in their new [[caliphate]] on a partially terraformed Mars, and the 1991 novel ''[[The Martian Viking]]'' by [[Tim Sullivan (writer)|Tim Sullivan]] where Mars is terraformed by [[Geats]] led by [[Hygelac]].<ref name="Baxter" /><ref name="MarkleyTransformingMars" /><ref name="CrossleyMarsRemade" />

The most prominent work of fiction dealing with the subject of terraforming Mars is the [[Mars trilogy|''Mars'' trilogy]] by Kim Stanley Robinson (consisting of the novels ''Red Mars'' from 1992, ''Green Mars'' from 1993, and ''Blue Mars'' from 1996),<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="WestfahlMars" /><ref name="GreenwoodMars" /> a [[hard science fiction]] story of a [[United Nations]] project wherein 100 carefully selected scientists are sent to Mars to start the first settlement there.<ref name="MammothPlanets" /><ref name="CrossleyBecomingMartian" /> The series explores in depth the practical and ideological considerations involved, the principal one being whether to turn Mars "Green" by terraforming or keep it in its pristine "Red" state.<ref name="MarkleyFallingIntoTheory" /><ref name="CrossleyBecomingMartian" /> Other major topics besides the [[ethics of terraforming]] include the social and economic organization of the emerging Martian society and its political relationship to Earth and the [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] economic interests that finance the mission, revisiting the earlier themes of Mars as a setting for utopia—albeit in this case one in the making rather than a pre-existing one—and Martian struggle for independence from Earth.<ref name="TheNewMartianNovel" /><ref name="MarkleyFallingIntoTheory" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackford |first=Russell |title=Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination: Visions, Minds, Ethics |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-61685-8 |series=Science and Fiction |pages=187 |language=en |chapter=Conclusion: Great Power and Great Responsibility |quote=At the same time as they attempt to settle this debate, the colonists have to sort out the political relationship between their new home and Earth. |author-link=Russell Blackford |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlU0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Franko |first=Carol |title=A Companion to Science Fiction |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-79701-3 |editor-last=Seed |editor-first=David |editor-link=<!-- No article at present (April 2024); Wikidata Q112491049 --> |pages=544–555 |language=en |chapter=Kim Stanley Robinson: Mars Trilogy |quote=Meanwhile, two recurring themes in SF treating Mars is that of Mars as a locale for building Utopia (James 1996: 64–75) and of Martian societies gaining independence from Earth (Baxter 1996: 8–9). |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiphRocVYRwC&pg=PA544}}</ref> 

Alternatives to terraforming have also been explored. The opposite approach of modifying humans to adapt them to the existing environment, known as [[pantropy]], appears in the 1976 novel ''[[Man Plus]]'' by [[Frederik Pohl]] but has otherwise been sparsely depicted.<ref name="GreenwoodMars" /><ref name="MammothPlanets">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=George |title=The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |date=2001 |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1 |pages=498 |language=en |chapter=Planets |author-link=George Mann (writer) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/498/mode/2up}}</ref> The conflict between pantropy and terraforming is explored in the 1994 novel ''[[Climbing Olympus]]'' by [[Kevin J. Anderson]], as the humans that have been "areoformed" to survive on Mars do not wish the planet to be altered to accommodate unmodified humans at their expense.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="CrossleyBecomingMartian">{{Cite book |last=Crossley |first=Robert |title=[[Imagining Mars: A Literary History]] |date=2011 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1 |pages=284–306 |language=en |chapter=Becoming Martian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA284}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buker |first=Derek M. |title=The Science Fiction and Fantasy Readers' Advisory: The Librarian's Guide to Cyborgs, Aliens, and Sorcerers |date=2002 |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |isbn=978-0-8389-0831-0 |pages=26 |chapter=Mars |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa00buke_0/page/26/mode/2up}}</ref> Other works where terraforming is eschewed in favour of alternatives include the 1996 novel ''[[River of Dust]]'' by [[Alexander Jablokov]], where the settlers create a liveable environment by burrowing underground,<ref name="StablefordMars" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Di Filippo |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Di Filippo |date=October–November 1996 |editor-last=Dozois |editor-first=Gardner |editor-link=Gardner Dozois |title=Intruders in the Dust |url=https://archive.org/details/asimovs-v-20-n-10-11-1996-10-11/page/283/mode/2up |magazine=[[Asimov's Science Fiction]] |volume=20 |issue=10/11 #250/251 |pages=283–284 |issn=1065-2698}}</ref> and the 1999 novel ''[[White Mars, or, The Mind Set Free: A 21st-Century Utopia]]'' by [[Brian Aldiss]] and [[Roger Penrose]] where [[environmental preservation]] is prioritized and humans live in domed cities.<ref name="CrossleyBecomingMartian" />

=== Robinsonades ===
Martian [[robinsonade]]s—stories of [[astronaut]]s stranded on Mars—emerged in the 1950s with works such as the 1952 novel ''[[Marooned on Mars]]'' by Lester del Rey, the 1956 novel ''[[No Man Friday]]'' by [[Rex Gordon]], and the 1959 short story "[[The Man Who Lost the Sea]]" by [[Theodore Sturgeon]].<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="StablefordMars" /> Crossley writes that ''No Man Friday'' is in some respects an "anti-robinsonade", inasmuch as it rejects the underlying colonialist attitudes and portrays the Martians as more advanced than humans rather than less.<ref name="CrossleyThreshold" /> Robinsonades remained popular throughout the 1960s; examples include the 1966 novel ''[[Welcome to Mars]]'' by [[James Blish]] and the 1964 film ''[[Robinson Crusoe on Mars]]'', the latter being significantly if unofficially based on ''No Man Friday''.<ref name="SFEMars" /><ref name="GreenwoodMars" /> The subgenre was later revisited with the 2011 novel ''[[The Martian (Weir novel)|The Martian]]'' by [[Andy Weir]] and its [[The Martian (film)|2015 film adaptation]],<ref name="WestfahlMars" /> in which an astronaut accidentally left behind by the third mission to Mars uses the resources available to him to survive until such a time that he can be rescued.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Thomas Kent |title=Mars in the Movies: A History |date=2016 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2626-0 |pages=126–128 |language=en |chapter=''The Martian'' (2015) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7R5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT136}}</ref>