Editing Manx language (section)

==Phonology==
{{See also|Help:IPA/Manx}}

=== Stress ===
[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] generally falls on the first [[syllable]] of a word in Manx, but in many cases, stress is attracted to a [[Vowel length|long vowel]] in the second syllable.<ref>Broderick 1993, 236</ref> Examples include:
* {{lang|gv|buggane}} {{IPA|/bəˈɣæːn/}} "sprite"
* {{lang|gv|tarroogh}} {{IPA|/t̪aˈruːx/}} "busy"
* {{lang|gv|reeoil}} {{IPA|/riːˈoːl/}} "royal"
* {{lang|gv|vondeish}} {{IPA|/vonˈd̪eːʃ/}} "advantage"

=== Consonants ===
The [[consonant]] phoneme inventory of Manx:<ref>Lewin 2020; Lewin (Forthcoming)</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palato-<br />velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Plosive]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|p}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|t̪}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|d̪}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | ({{IPA link|t̠}}) || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ({{IPA link|d̠}})
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|tʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|dʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|kʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɡʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
! [[Fricative]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|v}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|s}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ç}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|x}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ({{IPA link|n̠}})
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|nʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ŋʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|rʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ({{IPA link|l̠}})
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|lʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
! [[Semivowel]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|j}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|}

The [[Voicelessness|voiceless]] plosives are [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]. The dental, postalveolar and palato-velar plosives {{IPA|/t̪ d̪ tʲ dʲ kʲ/}} [[affrication|affricate]] to {{IPA|[t̪͡θ d̪͡ð t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k͡xʲ]}} in many contexts.

Manx has an optional process of [[lenition]] of plosives between vowels, where [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] plosives and voiceless fricatives become voiced fricatives and voiceless plosives become either voiced plosives or voiced fricatives. This process introduces the [[allophone]]s {{IPA|[β ð z ʒ]}}. The voiced fricative {{IPA|[ʒ]}} may be further lenited to {{IPA|[j]}}, and {{IPA|[ɣ]}} may disappear altogether. Examples include:<ref>Broderick 1984–86, 3:3–13; Thomson 1992, 129</ref>

Voiceless plosive to voiced plosive:
* {{IPA|/t̪/}} > {{IPA|[d̪]}}: {{lang|gv|brattag}} {{IPA|[ˈbrad̪aɡ]}} "flag, rag"
* {{IPA|/k/}} > {{IPA|[ɡ]}}: {{lang|gv|peccah}} {{IPA|[ˈpɛɡə]}} "sin"
Voiceless plosive to voiced fricative:
* {{IPA|/p/}} > {{IPA|[v]}}: {{lang|gv|cappan}} {{IPA|[ˈkavan]}} "cup"
* {{IPA|/t̪/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}: {{lang|gv|baatey}} {{IPA|[ˈbɛːðə]}} "boat"
* {{IPA|/k/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|feeackle}} {{IPA|[ˈfiːɣəl]}} "tooth"
Voiced plosive to voiced fricative:
* {{IPA|/b/}} > {{IPA|[v]}}: {{lang|gv|cabbyl}} {{IPA|[ˈkaːvəl]}} "horse"
* {{IPA|/d̪/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}: {{lang|gv|eddin}} {{IPA|[ˈɛðənʲ]}} "face"
* {{IPA|/dʲ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}}: {{lang|gv|padjer}} {{IPA|[ˈpaːʒər]}} "prayer"
* {{IPA|/dʲ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}} > {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|gv|maidjey}} {{IPA|[ˈmaːʒə, -jə]}} "stick"
* {{IPA|/ɡ/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|ruggit}} {{IPA|[ˈroɣət]}} "born"
Voiceless fricative to voiced fricative:
* {{IPA|/s/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}} or {{IPA|[z]}}: {{lang|gv|poosit}} {{IPA|[ˈpuːðitʲ/ˈpuːzitʲ]}} "married"
* {{IPA|/s/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}: {{lang|gv|shassoo}} {{IPA|[ˈʃaːðu]}} "stand"
* {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}}: {{lang|gv|aashagh}} {{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}} "easy"
* {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}} > {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|gv|toshiaght}} {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɔʒax, -jax]}} "beginning"
* {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|beaghey}} {{IPA|[ˈbeːɣə]}} "live"
* {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}} > ∅: {{lang|gv|shaghey}} {{IPA|[ʃaː]}} "past"

Another optional process is [[pre-occlusion]], the insertion of a very short plosive before a [[sonorant consonant]]. In Manx, this applies to stressed [[Monosyllable|monosyllabic words]]. The inserted consonant is [[Homorganic consonant|homorganic]] with the following sonorant, which means it has the same [[place of articulation]]. Long vowels are often shortened before pre-occluded sounds. Examples include:<ref>Broderick 1984–86, 3:28–34; 1993, 236</ref>
* {{IPA|/m/}} > {{IPA|[ᵇm]}}: {{lang|gv|trome}} {{IPA|/t̪roːm/}} > {{IPA|[t̪roᵇm]}} "heavy"
* {{IPA|/n/}} > {{IPA|[ᵈn]}}: {{lang|gv|kione}} {{IPA|/kʲoːn/}} > {{IPA|[kʲoᵈn]}} "head"
* {{IPA|/nʲ/}} > {{IPA|[ᵈnʲ]}}: {{lang|gv|ein}} {{IPA|/eːnʲ/}} > {{IPA|[eːᵈnʲ], [eᵈnʲ]}} "birds"
* {{IPA|/ŋ/}} > {{IPA|[ᶢŋ]}}: {{lang|gv|lhong}} {{IPA|/loŋ/}} > {{IPA|[loᶢŋ]}} "ship"
* {{IPA|/l/}} > {{IPA|[ᵈl]}}: {{lang|gv|shooyll}} {{IPA|/ʃuːl/}} > {{IPA|[ʃuːᵈl]}} "walking"

The trill {{IPA|/r/}} is realised as a one- or two-contact [[Tap and flap consonants|flap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} at the beginning of syllable, and as a stronger trill {{IPA|[r]}} when preceded by another consonant in the same syllable. At the end of a syllable, {{IPA|/r/}} can be pronounced either as a strong trill {{IPA|[r]}} or, more frequently, as a weak fricative {{IPA|[ɹ̝]}}, which may vocalise to a nonsyllabic {{IPA|[ə̯]}} or disappear altogether.<ref>Broderick 1984–86; 3:17–18</ref> This vocalisation may be due to the influence of [[Manx English]], which is [[non-rhotic accent|non-rhotic]].<ref>Jackson 1955, 118; Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1998, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-ISLEOFMAN.html Isle of Man], retrieved 28 September 2008</ref> Examples of the pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}} include:
* {{lang|gv|ribbey}} "snare" {{IPA|[ˈɾibə]}}
* {{lang|gv|arran}} "bread" {{IPA|[ˈaɾan]}}
* {{lang|gv|mooar}} "big" {{IPA|[muːr], [muːɹ̝], [muːə̯], [muː]}}

===Vowels===
The [[vowel]] phoneme inventory of Manx:<ref>Broderick 1993, 230–33</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! <small>[[Vowel length|Short]]</small> || <small>Long</small>
! <small>Short</small> || <small>Long</small>
! <small>Short</small> || <small>Long</small>
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|iː}}
| ||
| {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|eː}}
| {{IPA link|ə}} || {{IPA link|øː}}
| {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|æ}} || {{IPA link|æː}}
| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|aː}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}} || {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|}

The status of {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[æː]}} as separate phonemes is debatable, but is suggested by the allophony of certain words such as {{lang|gv|ta}} "is", {{lang|gv|mraane}} "women", and so on. An alternative analysis is that Manx has the following system, where the vowels {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} have allophones ranging from {{IPA|[ɛ]/[ɛː]}} through {{IPA|[æ]/[æː]}} to {{IPA|[a]/[aː]}}. As with Irish and Scottish Gaelic, there is a large amount of vowel allophony, such as that of {{IPA|/a/, /aː/}}. This depends mainly on the 'broad' and 'slender' status of the neighbouring consonants:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Manx vowel phonemes and their allophones
|-
! Phoneme
! "Slender"
! "Broad"
|-
| {{IPA|/i/, /iː/}}
| {{IPA|[i], [iː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɪ], [ɪː]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/e/, /eː/}}
| {{IPA|[e]/[eː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]/[ɛː]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/a/, /aː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ~æ]/[ɛː~æː]}}
| {{IPA|[a]/[aː]/[øː]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{IPA|[ɨ]}}
| {{IPA|[ə]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/əi/}} (Middle Gaelic)
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛː], [ɯː], [ɪː]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/o/, /oː/}}
| {{IPA|[o], [oː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ], [ɔː]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/u/, /uː/}}
| {{IPA|[u], [uː]}}
| {{IPA|[ø~ʊ], [uː]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/uə/}} (Middle Gaelic)
| {{IPA|[iː], [yː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɪː], [ɯː], [uː]}}
|}

When stressed, {{IPA|/ə/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ø]}}.<ref>Broderick 1993, 232–33</ref>

Manx has a relatively large number of [[diphthong]]s, all of them [[Height-harmonic|falling]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Manx diphthongs
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Second element
|-
! {{IPA|/i/}}
! {{IPA|/u/}}
! {{IPA|/ə/}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | First <br />element
! Close
| {{IPA|ui}}
|
| {{IPA|iə, uə}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA|ei, əi, oi}}
| {{IPA|eu, əu}}
|
|-
! Open
| {{IPA|ai}}
| {{IPA|au}}
|
|}