Editing Manna (section)

=== Manna in medicine ===
[[File:Manna Hortus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Hortus sanitatis, Mainz 1491. Woodcut showing manna]]
[[File:Houel 1782 Totale1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Jean-Pierre Houël]] 1782. Collection of manna in [[Cinisi]]]]

Greek and Latin physicians and encyclopedists of the 1st century AD ([[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioskurides]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Plinius]]) held manna for crumbs of [[Frankincense]], fallen from ''[[Boswellia sacra]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dioscorides Pedanius |first=of Anazarbos |url=http://archive.org/details/despedaniosdios00pedagoog |title=Des Pedanios Dioskurides aus Anazarbos : Arzneimittellehre in fünf Büchern |date=1902 |publisher=Stuttgart : F. Enke |others=unknown library}}</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder]]. 1. Jh. ''Naturalis historia''. Übersetzt und erläutert von Philipp H. Külb. Metzler, Stuttgart 1840–1864. Buch XII, Kapitel 32 ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10246058_00698}}).</ref>

Starting with [[Avicenna]], the physicians of the Arabian and Latin [[Middle Ages]] held that manna was a [[dew]] (''ros'') falling on stones and trees, and that it was sweet like honey. This manna was believed to incorporate the nature of whatever it fell upon. Its virtues were to soften the abdomen, eradicate acute fever, and to be useful to the chest and lungs as well as to the [[Humorism#Unification with Empedocles's model|choleric and hot natures]].

====References in medieval Muslim works====
* [[Avicenna]] 10th–11th Century<ref>[[Avicenna]]. 10th–11th Century. ''Kanon der Medizin''. Book II. Simples. Translation and commentary by [[Gerard of Cremona]] and [[Arnaldus de Villanova]]. Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Venedig 1555, S. 272: Manna [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0009/bsb00090355/images/index.html?id=00090355&groesser=&fip=yztsewqxdsydeayaxseayaeayayztsxdsydenen&no=16&seite=320 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* [[Constantine the African]] 11th Century<ref>[[Constantine the African]]. 11th Century. ''Liber de gradibus simplicium''  = translation of ''Liber de gradibus simplicium'' of Ibn al-Dschazzar. 10th Century, Druck. ''Opera''. Basel 1536, S. 347: Manna {{Digitalisat|MDZ=11069388_00365}}.</ref>
* ''Circa instans'' 12th Century<ref>Circa instans. 12th Century. Druck. Venedig 1497, Blatt 202r: Manna [https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00061068&pimage=407&v=100&nav=&l=de (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''Pseudo-Serapion'' 13th Century<ref>Pseudo-Serapion. 13th Century. Druck. Venedig 1497, Blatt 106r: Manna [http://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00061068&pimage=215&v=100&nav=&l=de (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Baitar]] 13th Century<ref>[[Ibn al-Baitar]]. 13th Century. ''Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya.'' Übersetzung. Joseph Sontheimer unter dem Titel ''Große Zusammenstellung über die Kräfte der bekannten einfachen Heil- und Nahrungsmittel.'' Hallberger, Band II, Stuttgart 1842, S. 533 Manna [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10219077?page=541 (Digitalisat)].</ref>

====References in medieval Christian works====
* [[Conrad of Megenberg]] 14th Century<ref>[[Conrad of Megenberg]]. 14th Century. Main sources: [[Thomas of Cantimpré]], ''Liber de natura rerum.'' Edition. [[Franz Pfeiffer (literary scholar)|Franz Pfeiffer]]. Konrad von Megenberg. '' Buch der Natur.'' Aue, Stuttgart 1861, S. 90–91: Himelprot [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10076915?page=164 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''[[Herbarius moguntinus]]'' 1484<ref>[[Herbarius moguntinus]]. [[Peter Schöffer]], Mainz 1484, pat II, capitel 7 Manna [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029223/images/index.html?id=00029223&groesser=&fip=qrssdaseayasdasfsdrxdsydxdsydqrseayasdasyzts&no=4&seite=321 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''[[Gart der Gesundheit]]'' 1485<ref>Gart der Gesundheit. [[Peter Schöffer]], Mainz 1485, capitel 267: Manna hymmeldauwe [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0003/bsb00032739/images/index.html?id=00032739&groesser=&fip=xsyztsxdsydewqsdasfsdrqrsxdsydeayaewq&no=4&seite=431 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''[[Hortus Sanitatis|Hortus sanitatis]]'' 1491<ref>Hortus sanitatis. Jacobus Meydenbach, Mainz 1491, capitel 275: Manna [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00027846/images/index.html?id=00027846&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=253 (Digitalisat)].</ref>

In 1586 the German physician [[Joachim Camerarius the Younger]] wrote in his herbal, that manna, that was used to purge humours, was collected in [[Walhaz|Welschland]] from species of [[Fraxinus]].<ref>Joachim Camerarius the Younger. Kommentar in: ''Kreutterbuch des hochgelehrten vnnd weitberühmten [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli|Herrn D. P. Andreae Matthioli]]'' … Frankfurt 1586, Blatt 37r [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0009/bsb00091089/images/index.html?id=00091089&groesser=&fip=qrssdaseayasdasfsdrxdsydwewqyzts&no=3&seite=93 (Digitalisat)]: ''In Welſchlandt wirdt die Manna / welche ſo gebreuchlich iſt die Gallen vnnd wäſſerige feuchtigkeit damit ohne beſchwernuß zu purgieren / gemeinglich auff dem Fraxino vnd ſeinen geſchlechten gefunden vnd geſammlet …''</ref> In the same article he showed a [[woodcut]] of ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]''. A woodcut of ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'' had been published earlier in 1554 and in 1562 by [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli]].<ref>''Petri Andreae Matthioli medici senensis Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Adiectis quàm plurimis plantarum et animalium imaginibus, eodem authore.'' Vincentius Valgrisi, Venedig 1554, p. 87 ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10139457_00113}}).</ref><ref>Übersetzung des Mattiolischen Dioskurides-Kommentars durch Georg Handsch (1529–ca. 1578), Prag 1563, Blatt. 39r–40r ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10149845_00156}}).</ref>

Until the end of the 19th century, manna was brought to [[Northern Europe]] from [[Calabria]] (manna calabrina) and from [[Sicilia]]. It was collected as a secrete from species of ''Fraxinus'', mainly of ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'' and of ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]''. Following the rules of [[Humorism#Unification with Empedocles's model|Humorisme]], physicians in Northern Europe prescribed this manna as a mild [[laxative]].

====References in the 17th and 18th centuries====
* [[Pierre Pomet]]. ''Histoire générale des drogues …'' 1694.<ref>[[Pierre Pomet]]. ''Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plantes, des animaux, & des mineraux ; ouvrage enrichy de plus de quatre cent figures en taille-douce tirées d'aprés nature ; avec un discours qui explique leurs differens noms, les pays d'où elles viennent, la maniere de connoître les veritables d'avec les falsifiées, & leurs proprietez, où l'on découvre l'erreur des anciens & des modernes...par le sieur Pierre Pomet....'' Jean-Baptiste Loyson & Augustin Pillon Paris 1694, Buch 7 : Des gommes, Kapitel 2 : De la manne (S. 236–239) [https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/medica/resultats/index.php?cote=pharma_000056&p=305&do=page (Digitalisat)].</ref> – [[Nicolas Lemery]]. ''Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples …'' 1699.<ref>[[Nicolas Lemery]]. ''Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples, contenant leurs noms, origines, choix, principes, vertus, étymologies, et ce qu’il y a de particulier dans les animaux, dans les végétaux et dans les minéraux'', Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, S. 470–471: Manna [https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/medica/resultats/index.php?cote=20798&p=490&do=page (Digitalisat)].</ref> – [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] 1717<ref>[[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]]. ''Traité de la matière médicale, ou l'Histoire et l'usage des médicamens et leur analyse chymique, avec les noms des plantes en latin et en françois, leurs vertus, leurs doses et les compositions où on les employe.'' Edited by M. Besnier, L. d'Houry, Paris 1717. vol I, p. 28–37 [https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/medica/resultats/index.php?cote=pharma_032249x01&p=103&do=page (Digitalisat)].</ref> – Pomet – Lémery – Tournefort<ref>''A compleat history of drugs, written in French by Monsieur Pomet … To which is added what is further observable on the same subject from Mess. Lémery and Tournefort … Done into English from the originals''. Third edition, London 1737, p. 173 ff. [[iarchive:compleathistoryo00pome/page/173|(Digitalisat)]].</ref>
* ''Lettere del signor abate Domenico Sestini …'' 1780.<ref>Domenico Sestini. ''Lettere del signor abate Domenico Sestini''. Florenz 1780, Band 2, S. 176–192 [[iarchive:bub gb eF71ZECnAQUC/page/n181|(Digitalisat)]].</ref> – [[Jean-Pierre Houël]]. ''Voyage pittoresque des isles de Sicile …'' 1782.<ref>[[Jean-Pierre Houël]]. ''Voyage pittoresque des isles de Sicile, de Malte et de Lipari: Où l'on traite des Antiquités qui s'y trouvent encore ; des principaux Phénomènes que la Nature y offre ; du Costume de Habitans, & de quelques Usages''. Paris 1782, Band I, Kapitel 6, S. 52–53 [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/houel1782bd1/0064/image (Digitalisat)]; Abb. No 32: [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/houel1782bd1/0213/image (Digitalisat)]</ref>
* [[Johann Andreas Murray]]. ''Apparatus Medicaminum …'' 1784.<ref>[[Johann Andreas Murray]]. ''Apparatus Medicaminum Tam Simplicium Quam Praeparatorum Et Compositorum In Praxeos Adiumentum Consideratus''. Dieterich, Göttingen 1784, Band III, S. 535–541 Fraxinus excelsior ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10287788_00545}}), S. 542–561: Fraxinus ornus – Manna vel Manna calabrina ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10287788_00552}}).</ref>
* [[William Cullen]]. ''A treatise of the materia medica …'' 1789.<ref>[[William Cullen]]. ''A treatise of the materia medica.'' 2 Bände. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789, Band II, S. 508–510: Manna ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10226635_00516}}).</ref>