Editing Mandolin (section)

=== Bowlback ===
Bowlback mandolins (also known as roundbacks), are used worldwide. They are most commonly manufactured in Europe, where the long history of mandolin development has created local styles. However, Japanese luthiers also make them.

Owing to the shape and to the common construction from wood strips of alternating colors, in the United States these are sometimes colloquially referred to as the "potato bug", "[[Colorado potato beetle|potato beetle]]", or tater-bug mandolin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=David J. |last2=Rossing |first2= Thomas D.|editor-last=Rossing |editor-first=Thomas D.
|title=The Science of String Instruments |publisher=Springer |date=January 1, 2001 |pages=77–98 |chapter=Mandolin Family Instruments |isbn= 978-1-4419-7110-4}}</ref>

==== Neapolitan and Roman styles ====
The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent [[Sound board (music)|sound table]], canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the eight metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood [[fingerboard]] sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden [[tuning peg]]s, while newer instruments tend to use geared [[Machine head|metal tuners]]. The [[Bridge (instrument)|bridge]] is a movable length of hardwood. A [[pickguard]] is glued below the sound hole under the strings.<ref name=tylersparkspaper>{{harvnb|Tyler|Sparks|1996|p=}}</ref><ref name="Sparks115-16">{{harvnb|Sparks|2003|page=15–16}}</ref><ref name=tylersparksearly>{{harvnb|Tyler|Sparks|1989|p=}}</ref> European roundbacks commonly use a {{convert|13|in|adj=on}} [[Scale length (string instruments)|scale]] instead of the {{convert|13+7/8|in}} common on archtop Mandolins.<ref name="mandocafeforumHiin"/>

Intertwined with the Neapolitan style is the Roman style mandolin, which has influenced it.<ref name="Sparks37–38">{{harvnb|Sparks|2003|page=37–38}}</ref> The Roman mandolin had a fingerboard that was more curved and narrow.<ref name="Sparks37–38"/> The fingerboard was lengthened over the sound hole for the E strings, the high pitched strings.<ref name="Sparks37–38"/> The shape of the back of the neck was different, less rounded with an edge, the bridge was curved making the G strings higher.<ref name="Sparks37–38"/> The Roman mandolin had mechanical tuning gears before the Neapolitan.<ref name="Sparks37–38"/>

===== Manufacturers of Neapolitan-style mandolins =====
[[File:Mandolin Player (by Jitze Couperus).jpg|thumb|right|Modern bowlback mandolin manufactured by the [[Raffaele Calace|Calace]] family workshop]]
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = left
| image1 = That's my Washburn.jpg
| width1 = 130
| alt1 = Advertisement for American made mandolin
| caption1 = 1897 Advertisement for a Lyon and Healy-made, ''Washburn'' brand mandolin
| image2 = C.F.Martin Tour-14.jpg
| width2 = 154
| alt2 = Martin mandolins
| caption2 = Martin mandolins and [[Harp guitar|harp mandolin]] on display at the Martin Guitar Factory
}}

Prominent Italian manufacturers include Vinaccia (Naples), [[Luigi Embergher|Embergher]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Embergher mandolin|date=2004|publisher=R. Leenen and B. Pratt|isbn=9073838312|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=863486060}}</ref> (Rome) and [[Raffaele Calace|Calace]] (Naples).<ref name=mandoglossary>{{cite web |url=http://www.mandolincafe.com/glossary/glossary_15.shtml |title=Mandolin Glossary |website=Mandolincafe.com |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Other modern manufacturers include Lorenzo Lippi (Milan), Hendrik van den Broek (Netherlands), Brian Dean (Canada), Salvatore Masiello and Michele Caiazza (La Bottega del Mandolino) and Ferrara, Gabriele Pandini.<ref name="mandocafeforumHiin">{{cite web |url=http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-63751.html |title=Who are the top classical builders? |website=Mandolincafe.com |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

In the United States, when the bowlback was being made in numbers, [[Lyon and Healy]] was a major manufacturer, especially under the "Washburn" brand.<ref name=mandoglossary/> Other American manufacturers include [[C. F. Martin & Company|Martin]], Vega, and Larson Brothers.<ref name=mandoglossary/>

In Canada, Brian Dean has manufactured instruments in Neapolitan, Roman, German and American styles<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labraid.ca/ |title=The Latest from the Shop |website=Labraid.ca |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517222520/http://www.labraid.ca/ |archive-date=2019-05-17}}<br/>{{cite web |url=http://www.labraid.ca/ |title=Hi, my name is Brian Dean. I build classical mandolin |website=Labraid.ca |access-date=16 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630113410/http://www.labraid.ca/ |archive-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> but is also known for his original 'Grand Concert' design created for American virtuoso [[Joseph Brent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labraid.ca/grand-concert/ |website=Labraid.ca |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125035416/http://www.labraid.ca/grand-concert/ |archive-date=2015-11-25 |title=Grand Concert}}</ref>

German manufacturers include Albert & Mueller, Dietrich, Klaus Knorr, Reinhold Seiffert and Alfred Woll.<ref name="mandocafeforumHiin"/><ref name=mandoglossary/> The German bowlbacks use a style developed by Seiffert, with a larger and rounder body.<ref name="mandocafeforumHiin"/>

Japanese brands include Kunishima and Suzuki.<ref name=Japanesebrand>{{cite web|url=http://www.abrsm.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=34734 |title=Mandolin (neapolitan, Round Back, Bowl Back...)|access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183302/http://www.abrsm.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=34734 |archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Other Japanese manufacturers include Oona, Kawada, Noguchi, Toichiro Ishikawa, Rokutaro Nakade, Otiai Tadao, Yoshihiko Takusari, Nokuti Makoto, Watanabe, Kanou Kadama and Ochiai.<ref name="mandocafeforumHiin"/><ref name=Japanesemandmanu>{{cite web |url=http://www.mandolinluthier.com/japanese_mandolin_makers.htm |title=Japanese Mandolin Makers |website=Mandolinluthier.com |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206083757/http://www.mandolinluthier.com/japanese_mandolin_makers.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Other bowlback styles====
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 | align = right
 |image3= Giovanni Vailati.png
 | width3=140
 | alt3= Giovanni Vailati, blind mandolinist of Cremona
|caption3= [[Giovanni Vailati (musician)|Giovanni Vailati]], "Blind mandolinist of Cremona", toured Europe in the 1850s with a six-string Lombard mandolin.<ref name=bicent3>{{cite web |url=https://www.cremaonline.it/cultura/07-09-2014_Historia+et+imago+Cremae.+La+vita+di+Giovanni+Vailati,+il+Paganini+del+mandolino/ |title=Historia et imago Cremae. La vita di Giovanni Vailati, il Paganini del mandolino: dai caffè cremaschi ai teatri d'Europa [translation: Historia et imago Cremae. The life of Giovanni Vailati, the Paganini of the mandolin: from the cremaschi cafés to the theaters of Europe] |last= Dossena|first=Luigi |date=7 September 2014 |website=cremonaonline.it |access-date=11 June 2018 |quote= ...on December 2, 1852 in Parma at the Regio theater he performed a single string music from his mandolin, on a Lombard-type mandolin inspired by sixteenth-century instruments still unformed and rough. It was a soprano lute, very small, having the semblance of a paunchy half-egg, which he later replaced with a mandolin inspired by Hispanic Bandurria- type models... }}</ref>

 | image2 = London-Victoria and Albert Museum-Musical instrument-02.jpg
 | width2 = 134
 | alt2 = Lombard mandolin with twelve strings (six courses)
 | caption2 = Lombard mandolin with twelve strings in six courses. The bridge is glued to the soundboard, like a guitar's bridge.

 | image1 = Cremoneze mandolin from Bortolazzi.png
 | width1 = 166
 | alt1 = Cremonese mandolin, 1805
 | caption1  =Cremonese mandolin with four strings, from an 1805 book by [[Bartolomeo Bortolazzi]]

 | image4 = Mandolin MET DP169117.jpg
 | width4 = 150
 | alt4 = Genoese mandolin, 19th century
 | caption4  =Genoese mandolin with twelve strings in six courses. The bridge is held to the soundboard by the strings.}}

Another family of bowlback mandolins came from [[Milan]] and [[Lombardy]].<ref name=MilaneseLombardic>{{cite web|url=http://www.mandolinluthier.com/Lombardic_mandolin_makers.htm|title=Milanese Mandolin Makers|website=Mandolinluthier.com|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or [[Mandore (instrument)|mandore]] than other modern mandolins.<ref name=MilaneseLombardic/> They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back.<ref name="Sparks206">{{harvnb|Sparks|2003|page=206}}</ref> The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings.<ref name=MilaneseLombardic/><ref name="Sparks206"/> The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombard mandolins were tuned g–b–e′–a′–d″–g″ (shown in [[Helmholtz pitch notation]]).<ref name="Sparks206"/> A developer of the Milanese style was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for six generations.<ref name=MilaneseLombardic/>

Samuel Adelstein described the Lombard mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4.<ref name="Adelsteinp14">{{harvnb|Adelstein|1893|p=14}}</ref> The Lombard was tuned C–D–A–E–B–G.<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/> The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's.<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/> There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes.<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/> When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/>

===== Brescian mandolin or Cremonese mandolin =====
[[Brescia]]n mandolins (also known as Cremonese) that have survived in museums have four gut strings instead of six and a fixed bridge.<ref name=mandocafebrescian>{{cite web |url=http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?74060-Plans-of-Brescian-mandolin |title=Thread: Plans of Brescian mandolin... |website=Mandolin Cafe |access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sparks205"/> The mandolin was tuned in fifths, like the Neapolitan mandolin.<ref name=mandocafebrescian/> In his 1805 [[Method (music)#Mandolin or mandolin-banjo or banjolin|mandolin method]], ''Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi'', [[Bartolomeo Bortolazzi]] popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached.<ref name=Bortolazzi>{{cite book |last=Bortolazzi |first=Bartolomeo |date= 1805|title=Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oz5cAAAAcAAJ |language=de |location=Leipzig, Germany |publisher=Breitkopf and Härtell|page=1 }}</ref><ref name="Sparks205">{{harvnb|Sparks|2003|page=205}}</ref> Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire-strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments.<ref name=Bortolazzi/> Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone."<ref name=Bortolazzi/>
He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.<ref name="Sparks205"/><ref name=Bortolazzi/>

=====Genoese mandolin, a blend of styles=====
Like the Lombard mandolin, the [[Genoa|Genoese]] mandolin was not tuned in fifths. Its 6 gut strings (or 6 courses of strings) were tuned as a guitar but one octave higher: e-a-d’-g’-b natural-e”.<ref name=musinswld>{{cite book|editor1-last= Midgley|editor1-first= Ruth|date= 1997|title= Musical Instruments of the World|url= https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diag/page/188|location= New York|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|page= [https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diag/page/188 188]|isbn= 0-8069-9847-4|quote= ...six pairs of string, and a wider neck than the Neapolitan instrument...|url-access= registration}}</ref><ref name=GenoaMet>{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/180013407|title= Mandolin,19th century Italian|author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date= 4 April 2018 |quote=  “mandola o mandolino alla Genovese”, this mandoline has six pairs of gut strings, fifteen rosewood ribs, and mother-of-pearl and tortoiseshell inlays. It differs from other gut-strung mandolins in being tuned an octave higher than the modern guitar (e, a, d’, g’ b-natural, e”) and having a guitar-like peg block}}</ref> Like the Neapolitan and unlike the Lombard mandolin, the Genoese does not have the bridge glued to the soundboard, but holds the bridge on with downward tension, from strings that run between the bottom and neck of the instrument. The neck was wider than the Neapolitan mandolin's neck.<ref name=musinswld/> The peg-head is similar to the guitar's.<ref name=GenoaMet/>