Editing Major depressive disorder (section)

====Subtypes====
The DSM-5 recognizes six further subtypes of MDD, called ''specifiers'', in addition to noting the length, severity and presence of psychotic features:
* "[[Melancholic depression]]" is characterized by a loss of pleasure in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of [[grief]] or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early-morning waking, [[psychomotor retardation]], excessive weight loss (not to be confused with [[anorexia nervosa]]), or excessive guilt.<ref name="g379"/>
* "[[Atypical depression]]" is characterized by mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant [[weight gain]] or increased appetite (comfort eating), excessive sleep or sleepiness ([[hypersomnia]]), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant long-term social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived [[social rejection|interpersonal rejection]].{{sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013|pp=185–186}}
* "[[Catatonic depression]]" is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. Here, the person is mute and almost stuporous, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms also occur in [[schizophrenia]] or in manic episodes, or may be caused by [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]].{{sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013|pp=119–120}}
* "Depression with [[Anxiety|anxious]] distress" was added into the DSM-5 as a means to emphasize the common co-occurrence between depression and anxiety, as well as the risk of suicide of depressed individuals with anxiety.<ref name="t660">{{cite journal | last=Hopwood | first=Malcolm | title=Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: Commentary on Prevalence and Clinical Implications | journal=Neurology and Therapy | volume=12 | issue=S1 | date=2023 | issn=2193-8253 | pmid=37115459 | pmc=10141876 | doi=10.1007/s40120-023-00469-6 | doi-access=free | pages=5–12 | url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40120-023-00469-6.pdf | access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>
* "Depression with [[Postpartum depression|peri-partum]] onset" refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth or while a woman is pregnant. DSM-IV-TR used the classification "postpartum depression", but this was changed to not exclude cases of depressed woman during pregnancy. Depression with peripartum onset has an incidence rate of 3–6% among new mothers. The DSM-5 mandates that to qualify as depression with peripartum onset, onset occurs during pregnancy or within one month of delivery.{{sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013|pp=186–187}}<!-- cites paragraph -->
* "[[Seasonal affective disorder]]" (SAD) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two-year period or longer.{{sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013|p=187}}