Editing Louisiana Purchase Exposition (section)

===People on display===
[[File:Philippine Exposition at World's Fair St. Louis 1904.jpg|thumb|Advertisement for human exhibits from the Philippine Islands at the World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904]]
[[File:"Indian girls dressed for a ball game, U.S. Government Indian exhibit." (Fort Shaw Indian School basketball team) 1904 World's Fair.jpg|thumb|"Indian girls dressed for a ball game, U.S. Government Indian exhibit."]]
[[File:Igorrotes at Hagenbeck's.jpg|thumb|Image of the Igorot attraction at the 1904 World's Fair]]

Following the [[Spanish–American War]], the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|peace treaty]] granted the [[United States]] control over [[Guam]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Puerto Rico]]. Puerto Rico had had a quasi-autonomous government as an "overseas province" of Spain, and the Philippines, having declared independence after the 1896–1899 [[Philippine Revolution]], fought US annexation in the 1899–1902 [[Philippine–American War]]. These areas controversially became [[Territories of the United States#Incorporated vs. unincorporated territories|unincorporated territories of the United States]] in 1899, and people were brought from these territories to be on "display" at the 1904 fair.
[[File:"A Civilized Visayan." (Philippine Reservation in the Department of Anthropology exhibit at the 1904 World's Fair). - DPLA - 48f10dffdf340d3c9283922fcd44b179.jpg|left|thumb|'''"A Civilized Visayan." (Philippine Reservation in the Department of Anthropology exhibit at the 1904 World's Fair), 1904.'''|alt=From the Missouri Historical Society]]
The fair displayed 1,102 [[Filipinos]], 700 of them [[Philippine Scouts]] and [[Philippine Constabulary]], used for controlling conflict among Filipinos and between Filipinos and fair organizers. Displays included the [[Apache]] of the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]] and the [[Igorot people|Igorots]] of the Philippines, both of which peoples were noted as "primitive".<ref name="Zwick">{{cite web|title=Remembering St. Louis, 1904: A World on Display and Bontoc Eulogy|publisher=[[Syracuse University]]|author=Zwick, Jim|date=March 4, 1996|access-date=May 25, 2007|url-status=dead |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610034510/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html|archive-date=June 10, 2007}}</ref> Within the Philippine reservation, was a school which was actively teaching Igorot students.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Love |first=Robertus |date=May 1904 |title=Filipino School at World's Fair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZRAQAAMAAJ&q=Miss+Zamora+st+louis+filipino&pg=PA422 |magazine=The School News and Practical Educator |access-date=March 3, 2020 }}</ref> At least two [[Moro people|Moros]] were photographed while praying at the fair.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/N37098|title="WORSHIPPING MOHAMID (SIC)." (MUSLIMS AT PRAYER). (TAKEN DURING THE 1904 WORLD'S FAIR).|date=1904|publisher=Gerhard Sisters Studio|location=Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904 : Saint Louis, Mo.)|id=N37098}}</ref> The Philippine reservation at the exposition cost $1.1 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|1100000|1904}}}} in {{inflation/year|US}}){{inflation/fn|US}} to create and operate.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy |first=Richard |date=1998 |title=Rethinking the Philippine Exhibit at the 1904 St. Louis World's fair |url=https://folklife-media.si.edu/docs/festival/program-book-articles/FESTBK1998_14.pdf |magazine=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=March 3, 2020 }}</ref> The people had been trafficked under harsh conditions, and many did not survive. Burial plots in two St. Louis cemeteries were prepared in advance. However, traditional burial practices were not allowed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 16, 2021|title=1904 World's Fair Revised: One Artist Memorializes Filipino And Indigenous People |website=St. Louis Public Radio |url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/2021-05-16/1904-worlds-fair-revised-one-artist-memorializes-filipino-and-indigenous-people |access-date=May 18, 2021|language=en}}</ref> Some of the people to be exhibited died en route or at the fair and their bodies were immediately removed. Funeral rites had to be conducted without the bodies in front of an oblivious public audience of fair attendees. Organizers choreographed ethnographic displays, having customs which marked special occasions restaged day after day.<ref name="Zwick" />

Similarly, members of the Southeast Alaskan [[Tlingit]] tribe accompanied fourteen [[totem pole]]s, two Native houses, and a canoe displayed at the Alaska Exhibit.<ref name="Patrick">{{cite book| title=The Most Striking of Objects: The Totem Poles of Sitka National Historical Park|publisher=United States Department of Interior|author=Patrick, Andrew| year=2009|pages=75–93}}</ref><ref name="Harris" /> [[Mary Knight Benson]], a noted [[Pomo]] basket weaver whose work is curated at the Smithsonian Institution and [[National Museum of the American Indian]], attended to demonstrate her basket making skills which are described as astounding.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bibby| first = Brian| year = 2012| title = Essential Art: Native Basketry from the California Indian Heritage Center| publisher = Heydey Books| location = Berkeley| isbn = 978-0-930588-80-9}}</ref> Athletic events such as a basketball tournament were held to demonstrate the success of the [[American Indian boarding schools|Indian Boarding Schools]] and other assimilation programs.<ref>Parezo, Nancy J. "A "Special Olympics": Testing Racial Strength and Endurance at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition". In Brownell, Susan (ed.). ''The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games''.</ref> These efforts were confirmed with the [[Fort Shaw Indian School Girls Basketball Team|Fort Shaw Indian School girls basketball team]] who were declared "World Champions" after beating every team who faced them in these denominational games.<ref>Peavy, Linda; Smith, Ursula (2008). ""Leav[ing] the White[s] ... Far Behind Them": The Girls from Fort Shaw (Montana) Indian School, Basketball Champions of the 1904 World's Fair". In Brownell, Susan (ed.). ''The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism''. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|9780803210981}}.</ref>

It has been argued that the "overriding purpose of the fair really centered on an effort to promote America's new role as an overseas imperial power", and that "While the juxtaposition of "modern" and "primitive" buttressed assumptions of racial superiority, representations of Native American and Filipino life created an impression of continuity between westward expansion across the continent and the new overseas empire."<ref name="Zwick"/> [[Racializing]] concepts and epithets used domestically were extended to the people of the overseas territories.<ref name="Empire">{{cite web|title=Savage Acts: Wars, Fairs and Empire|publisher=[[Syracuse University]]|author=Zwick, Jim|date=November 7, 1995|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610034510/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html|archive-date=June 10, 2007|access-date=May 25, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Zwick"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/09/the-1904-st-louis-worlds-fair-photos/597658/|title=The 1904 St. Louis World's Fair: Photos – The Atlantic|last=Taylor|first=Alan|website=theatlantic.com|language=en|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>

[[Ota Benga]], a Congolese Pygmy, was featured at the fair. Later he was held captive at the [[Bronx Zoo]] in New York, then featured in an exhibit on evolution alongside an [[orangutan]] in 1906, but public protest ended that.

In contrast, the [[Japan]] pavilion advanced the idea of a [[Japanese Culture|modern yet exotic culture]] unfamiliar to the turn-of-the-century Western world,<ref name="Zwick" /> much as it had during the earlier [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]].<ref name="Harris">{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Neil |title=All the World a Melting Pot? Japan at American Fairs, 1876–1904 |journal=Mutual Images: Essays in American Japanese Relations |year=1975 |pages=24–54 |editor1-first=Akira |editor1-last=Iriye |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |quote=Japanese exhibit, staged during the Russo-Japanese War, ... presented a modern country that had fundamentally different traditions and concepts than the Western (and Christian) countries fair-goers identified with modernity. |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html |access-date=May 25, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610034510/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html |archive-date=June 10, 2007}}</ref> The Japanese government spent lavishly: $400,000, plus $50,000 from the Japanese colonial government of [[Republic of Formosa|Formosa]], with an additional $250,000 coming from Japanese commercial interests and regional governments; all told, this totaled $700,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|700000|1904}}}} in {{inflation/year|US}}){{inflation/fn|US}}. A {{convert|150,000|ft2|adj=on}} garden, set on the hillside south of the Machinery Hall and Engine House, featured a replica of Kyoto's famous [[Kinkakuji]], showing Japan's ancient sophistication, and a [[Formosa]] Mansion and Tea House, showing her modern colonial efforts.<ref>Hajime Hoshi, ''Handbook of Japan and Japanese Exhibits at World's Fair'' (St. Louis: Hajime Hoshi, 1904), 112.[https://archive.org/details/handbookjapanan00unkngoog/page/n118/mode/2up]</ref> A second exhibition, "Fair Japan on the 'Pike'", organized by [[Kushibiki Yumindo|Kushibiki and Arai]], welcomed the public through a large [[Niōmon]]-style gate into a realm of geisha-staffed exotic Japanese consumerism.<ref>Hoshi, ''Handbook of Japan and Japanese Exhibits at World's Fair'', 125.[https://archive.org/details/handbookjapanan00unkngoog/page/n130/mode/2up] Hoshi also claimed the original gate had been "erected about 300 years ago ... in the Province of [[Hitachi, Ibaraki|Hidachi]] by Lord [[Satake clan|Satake]] Giobu-Tayu in memory of his father."</ref>

In 2025, a historical marker was placed in the [[Wydown/Skinker, St. Louis|Wydown-Skinker]] neighborhood to commemorate the location of the Philippine Village, following years of advocacy by [[Filipino Americans|Filipino American]] artist Janna Añonuevo Langholz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Hiba |date=2025-04-18 |title=A new historical marker in Clayton remembers the tragic history of the Philippine Village |url=https://www.stlpr.org/news-briefs/2025-04-18/historical-marker-clayton-philippine-village-worlds-fair |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=STLPR |language=en}}</ref>