Editing Livermorium (section)

=== Chemical ===
Livermorium is projected to be the fourth member of the 7p series of [[chemical element]]s and the heaviest member of group 16 in the periodic table, below polonium. While it is the least theoretically studied of the 7p elements, its chemistry is expected to be quite similar to that of polonium.{{Fricke1975|name}} The group oxidation state of +6 is known for all the chalcogens apart from oxygen which cannot [[Hypervalent molecule|expand its octet]] and is one of the strongest [[redox|oxidizing agents]] among the chemical elements. Oxygen is thus limited to a maximum +2 state, exhibited in the fluoride [[oxygen difluoride|OF<sub>2</sub>]]. The +4 state is known for [[sulfur]], [[selenium]], [[tellurium]], and polonium, undergoing a shift in stability from reducing for sulfur(IV) and selenium(IV) through being the most stable state for tellurium(IV) to being oxidizing in polonium(IV). This suggests a decreasing stability for the higher oxidation states as the group is descended due to the increasing importance of relativistic effects, especially the inert pair effect.<ref name="Thayer" /> The most stable oxidation state of livermorium should thus be +2, with a rather unstable +4 state. The +2 state should be about as easy to form as it is for [[beryllium]] and [[magnesium]], and the +4 state should only be achieved with strongly electronegative ligands, such as in livermorium(IV) fluoride (LvF<sub>4</sub>).<ref name="Haire" /> The +6 state should not exist at all due to the very strong stabilization of the 7s electrons, making the valence core of livermorium only four electrons.{{Fricke1975|name}} The lighter chalcogens are also known to form a −2 state as [[oxide]], [[sulfide]], [[selenide]], [[telluride (chemistry)|telluride]], and [[polonide]]; due to the destabilization of livermorium's 7p<sub>3/2</sub> subshell, the −2 state should be very unstable for livermorium, whose chemistry should be essentially purely cationic,<ref name="Haire" /> though the larger subshell and spinor energy splittings of livermorium as compared to polonium should make Lv<sup>2−</sup> slightly less unstable than expected.<ref name="Thayer" />
 	
Livermorium hydride (LvH<sub>2</sub>) would be the heaviest [[hydrogen chalcogenide|chalcogen hydride]] and the heaviest homolog of [[water]] (the lighter ones are [[hydrogen sulfide|H<sub>2</sub>S]], [[hydrogen selenide|H<sub>2</sub>Se]], [[hydrogen telluride|H<sub>2</sub>Te]], and [[polonium hydride|PoH<sub>2</sub>]]). Polane (polonium hydride) is a more [[covalent]] compound than most metal hydrides because polonium straddles the border between [[metal]] and [[metalloid]] and has some nonmetallic properties: it is intermediate between a [[hydrogen halide]] like [[hydrogen chloride]] (HCl) and a [[metal hydride]] like [[stannane]] ([[tin|Sn]]H<sub>4</sub>). Livermorane should continue this trend: it should be a hydride rather than a livermoride, but still a covalent [[molecule|molecular]] compound.<ref name="Nash">{{cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=Clinton S. |last2=Crockett |first2=Wesley W. |date=2006 |title=An Anomalous Bond Angle in (116)H<sub>2</sub>. Theoretical Evidence for Supervalent Hybridization. |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=110 |issue=14 |pages=4619–4621 |doi=10.1021/jp060888z |pmid=16599427 |bibcode=2006JPCA..110.4619N |url=https://figshare.com/articles/An_Anomalous_Bond_Angle_in_116_H_sub_2_sub_Theoretical_Evidence_for_Supervalent_Hybridization/3227647 }}</ref> Spin-orbit interactions are expected to make the Lv–H bond longer than expected from [[periodic trends]] alone, and make the H–Lv–H bond angle larger than expected: this is theorized to be because the unoccupied 8s orbitals are relatively low in energy and can [[orbital hybridization|hybridize]] with the valence 7p orbitals of livermorium.<ref name="Nash" /> This phenomenon, dubbed "supervalent hybridization",<ref name="Nash" /> has some analogues in non-relativistic regions in the periodic table; for example, molecular [[calcium difluoride]] has 4s and 3d involvement from the [[calcium]] atom.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=117}}</ref> The heavier livermorium di[[halide]]s are predicted to be [[linear molecular geometry|linear]], but the lighter ones are predicted to be [[bent molecular geometry|bent]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Van WüLlen | first1 = C. | last2 = Langermann | first2 = N. | doi = 10.1063/1.2711197 | title = Gradients for two-component quasirelativistic methods. Application to dihalogenides of element 116 | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 126 | issue = 11 | page = 114106 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17381195|bibcode = 2007JChPh.126k4106V }}</ref>