Editing Laparoscopy (section)

==History==
[[File:Jacbaeus.JPG|thumb|140px|Hans Christian Jacobaeus]]
It is difficult to credit one individual with the pioneering of the laparoscopic approach. In 1901, [[Georg Kelling]] of [[Dresden]], Germany, performed the first laparoscopic procedure in dogs, and, in 1910, [[Hans Christian Jacobaeus]] of Sweden performed the first laparoscopic operation in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1089/end.2006.20.848|title=Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy |year=2006 |last1=Hatzinger |first1=Martin |last2=Kwon |first2=S.T. |last3=Langbein |first3=S. |last4=Kamp |first4=S. |last5=Häcker |first5=Axel |last6=Alken |first6=Peter |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=848–850 |pmid=17144849 }}</ref>

In the ensuing several decades, numerous individuals refined and popularized the approach further for laparoscopy. The advent of computer chip-based television cameras was a seminal event in the field of laparoscopy. This technological innovation provided the means to project a magnified view of the operative field onto a monitor and, at the same time, freed both the operating surgeon's hands, thereby facilitating performance of complex laparoscopic procedures.

The first publication on modern diagnostic laparoscopy by [[Raoul Palmer]] appeared in 1947,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Palmer R | title = [Not Available] | journal = Gynécologie et Obstétrique | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 420–31 | year = 1947 | pmid = 18917806}}</ref> followed by the publication of [[Hans Frangenheim]] and [[Kurt Semm]], who both practised {{chem|CO|2}} hysteroscopy from the mid-1970s.<ref name=bhatt2007/>

[[Patrick Steptoe]], one of the pioneers of [[In vitro fertilisation|IVF]], was important in popularizing laparoscopy in the UK. He published a textbook, ''Laparoscopy in Gynaecology,'' in 1967.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=R. G.|date=1 September 1996|title=Patrick Steptoe, CBE, MBChB, D.Se., FRCS (Ed), FRCOG, FRS|url=https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/11/Supplement_5/215/669017|journal=Human Reproduction|language=en|volume=11|issue=Supplement_5|pages=215–234|doi=10.1093/humrep/11.suppl_5.215|pmid=8968782|issn=0268-1161|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1972, H. Courtenay Clarke invented, published, patented, presented, and recorded on film laparoscopic surgery, with instruments he invented and were marketed by the Ven Instrument Company of [[Buffalo, New York]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke HC | title = Laparoscopy--new instruments for suturing and ligation | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 274–7 | date = April 1972 | pmid = 4258561 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)38886-0| doi-access =  }}</ref>  He was the first to perform a surgical laparoscopic process with standard sutures<ref name="Mishra 2013 p. 5">{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=R. K. |title=Textbook of Practical Laparoscopic Surgery |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Pvt. Ltd |publication-place=New Delhi |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-5025-941-2 |oclc=870588241 |page=5}}</ref> and simple instruments This was meant to facilitate the application of laparoscopic surgery to all economic sectors by avoiding expensive materials and devices.<ref name="Clarke 1972 pp. 274–277">{{cite journal |last=Clarke |first=H. Courtenay |title=Laparoscopy—New Instruments for Suturing and Ligation |journal=Fertility and Sterility |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=1972 |issn=0015-0282 |doi=10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38886-0 |pages=274–277|pmid=4258561 |doi-access= }}</ref>

In 1975, Tarasconi, from the Department of Ob-Gyn of the University of Passo Fundo Medical School (Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil), started his experience with organ resection by laparoscopy (Salpingectomy), first reported in the Third AAGL Meeting, Hyatt Regency Atlanta, November 1976 and later published in The Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 1981.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarasconi JC | title = Endoscopic salpingectomy | journal = The Journal of Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 10 | pages = 541–5 | date = October 1981 | pmid = 6458700}}</ref>
This laparoscopic surgical procedure was the first laparoscopic organ resection reported in medical literature. 

In 1981, Semm, from the gynecological clinic of Kiel University, Germany, performed the first [[laparoscopic]] [[appendectomy]]. Following his lecture on laparoscopic appendectomy, the president of the German Surgical Society wrote to the Board of Directors of the German Gynecological Society suggesting suspension of Semm from medical practice. Subsequently, Semm submitted a paper on laparoscopic appendectomy to the ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology'', at first rejected as unacceptable for publication on the grounds that the technique reported on was "unethical," but finally published in the journal ''Endoscopy''. The abstract of his paper on endoscopic appendectomy can be found at the journal site.<ref name=bhatt2007/><ref name=semmappy>{{cite journal | vauthors = Semm K | title = Endoscopic appendectomy | journal = Endoscopy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 59–64 | date = March 1983 | pmid = 6221925 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-1021466| s2cid = 45763958 }}</ref>

Semm established several standard procedures that were regularly performed, such as [[ovarian cyst]] enucleation, [[myomectomy]], treatment of [[ectopic pregnancy]] and finally laparoscopic-assisted vaginal [[hysterectomy]] (also termed cervical intra-fascial Semm hysterectomy). He also developed a medical instrument company Wisap in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], which still produces various endoscopic instruments. In 1985, he constructed the pelvi-trainer = laparo-trainer, a practical surgical model whereby colleagues could practice laparoscopic techniques. Semm published over 1000 papers in various journals. He also produced over 30 endoscopic films and more than 20,000 colored slides to teach and inform interested colleagues about his technique. His first atlas, ''More Details on Pelviscopy and Hysteroscopy'' was published in 1976, a slide atlas on pelviscopy, hysteroscopy, and fetoscopy in 1979, and his books on gynecological endoscopic surgery in German, English, and many other languages in 1984, 1987, and 2002.<ref name=bhatt2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhattacharya K |title=Kurt Semm: A laparoscopic crusader |journal=J Minim Access Surg |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=35–6 |date=January 2007 |pmid=20668618 |pmc=2910380 |doi=10.4103/0972-9941.30686 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1985, [[Erich Mühe]], professor of surgery in Germany, performed the first laparoscopic [[cholecystectomy]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=3015244 | year=1998 | last1=Litynski | first1=G. S. | title=Erich Mühe and the Rejection of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (1985): A Surgeon Ahead of His Time | journal=Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons | volume=2 | issue=4 | pages=341–346 | pmid=10036125 }}</ref> Afterward, laparoscopy gained rapid acceptance for non-gynecologic applications. The first video-assisted laparoscopic surgery was performed in 1987, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van De Laar |first=Arnold |title=UNDER THE KNIFE |publisher=John Murray Publishers |year=2018 |location=London}}</ref> Before this time, the [[operating field]] was visualised by surgeons directly via a laparoscope. 

In 1987, [[Alfred Cuschieri]] performed the first minimally invasive surgery in the UK with his team at [[Ninewells Hospital]] after working with multiple researchers from across the world, including [[Patrick Steptoe]]. Cuschieri took advantage of smaller cameras to perform operations with smaller cuts and shorter recovery times. After some controversy and patient deaths, new laparoscopic training centres were set up as most surgeons lacked the necessary specialised training to perform laparoscopic surgery. The first opened in Dundee in 1991 and became the Cuschieri Skills Centre at Ninewells Hospital in 2004. As of 2008, 40 specialist centres around the world base their laparoscopic training on the Cuschieri Skills Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor who shrunk the surgeon |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/doctor-who-shrunk-the-surgeon.201061 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Times of Malta |date=22 March 2008 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Prior to Mühe, the only specialty performing laparoscopy on a widespread basis was gynecology, mostly for relatively short, simple procedures such as a diagnostic laparoscopy or tubal ligation. The introduction in 1990 of a laparoscopic clip applier with twenty automatically advancing clips (rather than a single load clip applier that would have to be taken out, reloaded and reintroduced for each clip application) made general surgeons more comfortable with making the leap to laparoscopic cholecystectomies ( gall bladder removal). On the other hand, some surgeons continue to use the single clip appliers as they save as much as $200 per case for the patient, detract nothing from the quality of the clip ligation, and add only seconds to case lengths. Both laparoscopy tubal ligations and cholecystectomies may be performed using suturing and tying, thus further reducing the expensive cost of single and multiclips (when compared to suture). Once again this may increase case lengths but costs are greatly reduced (ideal for developing countries) and widespread accidents of loose clips are eliminated.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

The [[Lindbergh operation|first transatlantic surgery]] performed was a laparoscopic [[gallbladder]] removal in 2001. The first robotic advanced [[pediatric surgery]] series were performed overseas in Egypt at [[Cairo University]].<ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=6 February 2002 |title=World's First Series of Robotic Pediatric Cases Performed at Cairo University Hospital in Egypt |url=http://www.allbusiness.com:80/medicine-health/medical-treatments-procedures/5857100-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412233500/http://www.allbusiness.com:80/medicine-health/medical-treatments-procedures/5857100-1.html |archive-date=12 April 2008 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=Business Wire |publisher=Computer Motion Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elfiky |first=Assem |title=Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in paediatrics: Two-year experience in a university hospital |journal=Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia |publication-date=July 2004 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=295–300 |via=Scopus}}</ref> [[Remote surgery|Remote surgeries]] and [[Robot-assisted surgery|robotic surgeries]] have since become more common and are typically laparoscopic procedures.