Editing LSD (section)

===Psychological effects===
====Mental disorders====
LSD can induce [[panic attacks]] or extreme anxiety, colloquially termed a "[[bad trip]]". Despite lower rates of depression and substance abuse found in psychedelic drug users compared to controls, LSD presents heightened risks for individuals with severe mental illnesses like [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Krebs TS, Johansen PØ |title=Psychedelics and mental health: a population study |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=e63972 |date=2013-08-19 |pmid=23976938 |pmc=3747247 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063972 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863972K |veditors=Lu L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Murray">{{citation |title=What can we learn about schizophrenia from studying the human model, drug-induced psychosis?|vauthors=Murray RM, Paparelli A, Morrison PD, Marconi A, Di Forti M |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B |volume=162 |issue=7 |series=Special Issue: Identifying the Origins of Mental Illness: A Festschrift in Honor of Ming T. Tsuang |pages=661–670 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24132898 |s2cid=205326399 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.b.32177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These hallucinogens can catalyze psychiatric disorders in predisposed individuals, although they do not tend to induce illness in emotionally healthy people.<ref name="pmid14761703"/> 

====Suggestibility====
While research from the 1960s indicated increased suggestibility under the influence of LSD among both mentally ill and healthy individuals, recent documents suggest that the CIA and Department of Defense have discontinued research into LSD as a means of mind control.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gulfweb.org/bigdoc/rockrep.cfm#hallucinogens |title=Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans Health? Lessons Spanning Half A Century, part F. HALLUCINOGENS |publisher=103rd Congress, 2nd Session-S. Prt. 103-97; Staff Report prepared for the committee on veterans' affairs |date=December 8, 1994 |vauthors=Rockefeller IV JD |location=West Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813164326/http://gulfweb.org/bigdoc/rockrep.cfm#hallucinogens |archive-date=August 13, 2006 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Middlefell R |title=The effects of LSD on body sway suggestibility in a group of hospital patients |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=113 |issue=496 |pages=277–280 |date=March 1967 |pmid=6029626 |doi=10.1192/bjp.113.496.277 |s2cid=19439549 |url= http://www.lycaeum.org/research/researchpdfs/1489.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430033215/http://www.lycaeum.org/research/researchpdfs/1489.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sjoberg BM, Hollister LE |title=The effects of psychotomimetic drugs on primary suggestibility |journal=Psychopharmacologia |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=251–262 |date=November 1965 |pmid=5885648 |doi=10.1007/BF00407857 |s2cid=15249061}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2023}}

====Flashbacks====
[[Flashback (psychology)|Flashbacks]] are psychological episodes where individuals re-experience some of LSD's subjective effects after the drug has worn off, persisting for days or months post-[[hallucinogen]] use.<ref name="Halpern2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halpern JH, Pope HG |title=Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years? |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=109–19 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12609692 |doi=10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00306-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller F, Kraus E, Holze F, Becker A, Ley L, Schmid Y, Vizeli P, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S |title=Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=January 2022 |volume=239 |issue=6 |pages=1933–1943 |pmid=35076721 |doi=10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z |pmc=9166883 |s2cid=246276633}}</ref> These experiences are associated with [[hallucinogen persisting perception disorder]] (HPPD), where flashbacks occur intermittently or chronically, causing distress or functional impairment.<ref name="Halpern2018"/>

The etiology of flashbacks is varied. Some cases are attributed to [[somatic symptom disorder]], where individuals fixate on normal [[Somatic nervous system|somatic]] experiences previously unnoticed prior to drug consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Johansen PØ, Krebs TS |title=Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: a population study |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=270–279 |date=March 2015 |doi=10.1177/0269881114568039 |pmid=25744618 |s2cid=2025731}}</ref> Other instances are linked to associative reactions to contextual cues, similar to responses observed in individuals with past trauma or emotional experiences.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Holland D, Passie T |isbn=978-3-86135-207-5 |language=de |year=2011 |title=Flashback-Phänomene als Nachwirkung von Halluzinogeneinnahme |volume=2 |series=Bewusstsein – Kognition – Erleben |publisher=VWB Report |url=http://www.vwb-verlag.com/Katalog/m207.html |access-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609015208/http://www.vwb-verlag.com/Katalog/m207.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The risk factors for flashbacks remain unclear, but pre-existing psychopathologies may be significant contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Abraham HD, Duffy FH |date=October 1996 |title=Stable quantitative EEG difference in post-LSD visual disorder by split-half analysis: evidence for disinhibition |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=173–87 |pmid=8912957 |doi=10.1016/0925-4927(96)02833-8 |s2cid=7587687}}</ref>

Estimating the prevalence of HPPD is challenging. It is considered rare, with occurrences ranging from 1 in 20 users experiencing the transient and less severe type 1 HPPD, to 1 in 50,000 for the more concerning type 2 HPPD.<ref name="Halpern2018"/> Contrary to internet rumors, LSD is not stored long-term in the [[spinal cord]] or other body parts. Pharmacological evidence indicates LSD has a half-life of 175 minutes and is metabolized into water-soluble compounds like 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, eliminated through urine without evidence of long-term storage.<ref name="PassieHalpernStrichtenoth2008" /> Clinical evidence also suggests that chronic use of [[SSRI]]s can potentiate LSD-induced flashbacks, even months after stopping LSD use.<ref name="drug-interaction">{{cite book |title=Psychedelics as Psychiatric Medications |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780192678522 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lazEAAAQBAJ |date=7 March 2023 |vauthors=Nutt DJ, Castle D |chapter=Drug-interaction with psychotropic drugs |access-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521000115/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lazEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|145}}