Editing LGBTQ community (section)

==Multiculturalism==

''LGBTQ multiculturalism'' is the diversity within the LGBTQ community as a representation of different [[sexual orientation]]s, [[Gender identity|gender identities]]—as well as different ethnic, language, religious groups within the LGBTQ community. At the same time as LGBTQ and multiculturalism relation, may consider the inclusion of LGBTQ community into a larger multicultural model, as for example in universities,<ref>[http://www.dso.ufl.edu/multicultural/lgbt/ LGBT Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513052428/https://www.dso.ufl.edu/multicultural/lgbt/ |date=2014-05-13 }}, University of Florida</ref> such multicultural model includes the LGBTQ community together and equal representation with other large minority groups such as [[African American]]s in the [[United States]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The two movements have much in common politically. Both are concerned with tolerance for real differences, diversity, minority status, and the invalidity of value judgments applied to different ways of life.<ref>John Corvino, [http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/3038586 "The Race Analogy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150411211641/http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/3038586 |date=2015-04-11 }}, ''The [[Huffington Post]]'', accessed Saturday 11 April 2015, 10:39 (GMT)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Craig J.|last1=Konnoth|url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/created-in-its-image-the-race-analogy-gay-identity-and-gay-litigation-in-the-1950s-1970s|title=Created in Its Image: The Race Analogy, Gay Identity, and Gay Litigation in the 1950s–1970s|journal=The Yale Law Journal|access-date=11 April 2015|volume=119|issue=2|pages=316–372|date=2009|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414151420/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/created-in-its-image-the-race-analogy-gay-identity-and-gay-litigation-in-the-1950s-1970s|url-status=live}}</ref>

Researchers have identified the emergence of gay and lesbian communities during several progressive time periods across the world including: the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and modern Westernization.<ref name=Aldrich>{{cite journal |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |title=Homosexuality and the City: An Historical Overview |journal=Urban Studies |date=2004 |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=1719–1737 |doi=10.1080/0042098042000243129|bibcode=2004UrbSt..41.1719A |s2cid=145411558 }}</ref> Depending on geographic location, some of these communities experienced more opposition to their existence than others; nonetheless, they began to permeate society both socially and politically.<ref name=Aldrich />

===European cities past and present===
City spaces in Early Modern Europe were host to a wealth of gay activity; however, these scenes remained semi-secretive for a long period of time.<ref name=Aldrich /> Dating back to the 1500s, city conditions such as apprenticeship labor relations and living arrangements, abundant student and artist activity, and hegemonic norms surrounding female societal status were typical in Venice and Florence, Italy.<ref name=Aldrich /> Under these circumstances, many open minded young people were attracted to these city settings.<ref name=Aldrich /> Consequently, an abundance of same-sex interactions began to take place.<ref name=Aldrich /> Many of the connections formed then often led to the occurrence of casual romantic and sexual relationships, the prevalence of which increased quite rapidly over time until a point at which they became a subculture and community of their own.<ref name=Aldrich />
Literature and ballroom culture gradually made their way onto the scene and became integrated despite transgressive societal views.<ref name=Aldrich /> Perhaps the most well-known of these are the balls of [[Magic-City]]. Amsterdam and London have also been recognized as leading locations for LGBTQ community establishment.<ref name=Aldrich /> By the 1950s, these urban spaces were booming with gay venues such as bars and public saunas where community members could come together.<ref name=Aldrich /> Paris and London were particularly attracting to the lesbian population as platforms for not only socialization, but education as well.<ref name=Aldrich /> A few other urban occasions that are important to the LGBTQ community include Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [[Sydney Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras]] in Sydney, Australia, as well as the various other [[pride parade]]s hosted in bigger cities around the world.<ref name=Aldrich />

===Urban spaces in the United States===
In the same way in which LGBTQ community used the city backdrop to join socially, they were able to join forces politically as well. This new sense of collectivity provided somewhat of a safety net for individuals when voicing their demands for equal rights.<ref name=Doderer>{{cite journal |last1=Doderer |first1=Yvonne P. |title=LGBTQs in the City, Queering Urban Space |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |date=2011 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=431–436 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.01030.x |pmid=21542205 |url=http://osf.io/quwxb/ |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-date=2020-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217164009/https://osf.io/quwxb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States specifically, several key political events have taken place in urban contexts. Some of these include, but are not limited to:

* [[Independence Hall]], Philadelphia - gay and lesbian protest movement in 1965 &ndash; activists led by [[Barbara Gittings]] started some of the first picket lines here. These protests continued on and off until 1969.<ref name=Polly>Polly, J. (2009). Top 10 Historic Gay Places in the U.S. Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 16(4), 14–16.</ref> Gittings went on to run the Gay and Lesbian Task Force of the American Library Association for 15 years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goulart|first1=Karen M.|title=Library opens Gittings Collection|issue=A1, A23, A24|publisher=Philadelphia Gay News|date=8 March 2001}}</ref>
* The [[Stonewall Inn]], on [[Christopher Street]] in [[Greenwich Village]],  [[LGBT culture in New York City|Manhattan]] – the birthplace of the modern [[gay rights]] movement in 1969 &ndash; for the first time, a group of gay men and [[drag queen]]s fought back against police during a raid on this small [[bar (establishment)|bar]] in Greenwich Village. The site is now a [[U.S. National Historic Landmark]].<ref name=Polly/>
* [[The Castro, San Francisco|Castro Street]], San Francisco &ndash; gathering place for LGBTQ community beginning in the 1970s; this urban spot was an oasis of hopefulness. Home to the first openly gay elected official [[Harvey Milk]] and the legendary [[Castro Theater]], this cityscape remains iconic to the LGBTQ community.<ref name=Polly />
* [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] City Hall, was the site of the first [[same-sex marriage]] in U.S. history in 2004. Following this event, attempts by religious groups in the area to ban it have been stifled and many more states have joined the Commonwealth.<ref name=Polly />
* AIDS Activities Coordinating Office, Philadelphia &ndash; an office to help stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, by providing proper administrative components, direct assistance, and education on HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayor's Commission on Sexual Minorities Fiscal Year 1988 Recommendations Pertaining to AIDS|agency=Special Collections Research Center, Temple University Libraries|publisher=City of Philadelphia}}</ref>

During and following these events, LGBTQ community subculture began to grow and stabilize into a nationwide phenomenon.<ref name=DEmilio>D'Emilio, J. (1998). CHAPTER 13: Capitalism and Gay Identity. In “Culture, Society & Sexuality” (pp. 239–247). Taylor & Francis Ltd / Books.</ref> Gay bars became more and more popular in large cities.<ref name=DEmilio /> For gays particularly, increasing numbers of [[cruising for sex|cruising]] areas, public [[bath house]]s, and [[YMCA]]s in these urban spaces continued to welcome them to experience a more liberated way of living.<ref name=DEmilio /> For lesbians, this led to the formation of literary societies, private social clubs, and same-sex housing.<ref name=DEmilio /> The core of this community-building took place in New York City and San Francisco, but cities like St. Louis, Lafayette Park in WA, and Chicago quickly followed suit.<ref name=DEmilio />

===City===
Cities afford a host of prime conditions that allow for better individual development as well as collective movement that are not otherwise available in rural spaces.<ref name=Doderer /> First and foremost, urban landscapes offer LGBTQ community better prospects to meet each other and form networks and relationships.<ref name=Doderer /> One ideal platform within this framework was the free labor market of many capitalistic societies, which enticed people to break away from their often damaging traditional nuclear families in order to pursue employment in bigger cities.<ref name=DEmilio /> Making the move to these spaces afforded them new liberty in the realms of sexuality, identity, and kinship.<ref name=Doderer /> Some researchers describe this as a phase of resistance against the confining expectations of normativity.<ref name=Doderer /> Urban LGBTQ community demonstrated this pushback through various outlets, including their style of dress, the way they talked and carried themselves, and how they chose to build community.<ref name=Doderer /> From a social science perspective, the relationship between the city and the LGBTQ community is not a one-way street. LGBTQ community give back as much, if not more, in terms of economic contributions (i.e., "[[pink money]]"), activism and politics too.<ref name=Aldrich />