Editing Kingdom of Nepal (section)

===19th century===

====Dominance of Damodar Pande====
{{main|Pande dynasty}}
[[File:Damodar Pande.jpg|thumb|[[Damodar Pande]], ''Mulkaji'' of Nepal from the Pande aristocratic family]]
 
[[Damodar Pande]] was appointed as one of the four Kajis by [[Rana Bahadur Shah|King Rana Bahadur Shah]] after the removal of ''Chautariya'' Bahadur Shah in 1794.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Pande was the most influential and dominant amongst the court factions in spite of the post of ''Mulkaji'' being held by [[Kirtiman Singh Basnyat]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Pandes were the most dominant noble family. Later due to the continuous irrational behaviour of King Rana Bahadur Shah, a situation of civil war arose where Damodar was the main opposition to the King.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}} He was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of [[Varanasi]] in May 1800 after the military parted with influential ''Kaji'' Damodar Pande.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}} After [[Raj Rajeshwari Devi|Queen Rajrajeshwari]] finally managed to assume the regency on 17 December 1802,{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=36–37}} later in February she appointed Damodar Pande as the ''Mulkaji''.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=43}}
 
After Rana Bahadur's reinstatement to power, he ordered Damodar Pande, along with his two eldest sons, who were completely innocent, to be executed on 13 March 1804; similarly, some members of his faction were tortured and executed without any due trial, while many others managed to escape to India. Among those who managed to escape to India were Damodar Pande's sons [[Karbir Pande]] and [[Rana Jang Pande]].{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=54}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=54}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=57}} After Damodar Pande's execution, [[Ranajit Pande]] who was his paternal cousin, was appointed ''Mulkaji'' along with Bhimsen Thapa as second ''Kaji'', [[Sher Bahadur Shah]] as ''Mul Chautariya'' and [[Ranganath Paudel]] as ''Raj Guru'' (Royal Preceptor).{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=55}}

====Thapa Regime====
{{main|Thapa dynasty}}
[[File:Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Mukhtiyar'' [[Bhimsen Thapa]], founder of Khas [[Thapa dynasty]]]]
Thapa courtiers, who were Kshatriya, rose to power when the King Rana Bahadur Shah was murdered by his half brother Sher Bahadur Shah in 1806.<ref name="Pradhan">{{Cite book | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC }}</ref> [[Bhimsen Thapa]] (1775–1839), the leading [[Thapa Kaji]], taking opportunity of the occasion massacred nearly 55 military and civil officers and catapulting the Thapas into the power.<ref name="Pradhan"/> He took the title of ''Mukhtiyar'' succeeding Rana Bahadur as the chief authority and his niece [[Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal|Queen Tripurasundari]] as Queen Regent of junior [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah|King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]].<ref>{{citation | last = Acharya | first = Baburam | editor-last = Acharya | editor-first = Shri Krishna |title =  Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan | location = Kathmandu | year = 2012 | pages = 228 | language = ne | publisher = Education Book House | isbn = 9789937241748}}</ref>

====Anglo-Nepalese War====
{{Main|Anglo-Nepalese War}}
[[File:Lost territories of Nepal after Treaty of Sugauli.jpg|thumb|Territories ceded by Nepal after the [[Treaty of Sugauli]]]]

Rivalry between Nepal and the [[East India Company]]—over the princely states bordering Nepal and India—eventually led to the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–16). The [[Treaty of Sugauli]] was signed in 1816, ceding large parts of the Nepali territories of the Terai and [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], which accounted to nearly one-third of the country, to the East India Company in exchange for Nepalese [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]]. As the territories were not restored to Nepal by the British government when India became [[Indian independence movement|independent from British rule]], most of these lands later became a part of the [[India|Republic of India]]. Sikkim remained independent until annexed into India in 1975 when it becomes [[Sikkim|the 22nd state of the Republic of India]]. However, in 1860 the British returned the authority over some of Nepal's land in the Terai back to Nepal (known as ''[[Naya Muluk]]'', new country) as an act of gratitude for Nepalese support to Britain during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Rana Regime====
{{Main|Rana dynasty}}
[[File:Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg|thumb|Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung and [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] [[Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] and his 8 sons who were one of the most powerful factions of Ranas of Nepal]]
Factionalism among the royal family led to a period of instability after the war. In 1846, [[Rajya Lakshmi Devi|Queen Rajya Lakshmi Devi]] plotted to overthrow [[Jung Bahadur Rana|Jang Bahadur Rana]], a fast-rising military leader who was presenting a threat to her power. The plot was uncovered and the queen had several hundred princes and chieftains executed after an armed clash between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen. This came to be known as the [[Kot Massacre]]. However, Jung Bahadur emerged victorious eventually and founded the [[Rana dynasty]]; the monarch was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary, held by the Ranas.

==== Third Nepalese Tibet War ====
{{main|Nepalese-Tibetan War}}
[[Jung Bahadur Rana]] sent forces under his brothers [[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]] and [[Dhir Shamsher Rana]] to attack Tibet again to achieve complete victory. His forces succeeded in defeating Tibetan forces on two sides. The Tibetan team arrived in January 1856 to sign a treaty. After a month, the [[Treaty of Thapathali]] was signed which was more favourable to Nepal.<ref name="nepalarmythree"/>