Editing Kazakhstan (section)

=== Wildlife ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Corsac fox]]]]

There are ten [[List of protected areas of Kazakhstan|nature reserves]] and ten [[List of national parks of Kazakhstan|national parks]] in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. In total there are twenty five [[Conservancy areas of Kazakhstan|areas of conservancy]]. Common plants are ''[[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]]'', ''[[Gagea]]'', ''[[Allium]]'', ''[[Carex]]'' and ''[[Oxytropis]]''; endangered plant species include native wild apple (''[[Malus sieversii]]''), wild grape (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'') and several wild [[tulip]] species (e.g., ''[[Tulipa greigii]]'') and rare onion species ''[[Allium karataviense]]'', also ''[[Iris willmottiana]]'' and ''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]''.<ref>A.F. Kovshar (Ed.): ''Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly''. In: ''Tethys Biodiversity Research''. Tom 1, S. 17–21.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016 |url=http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |publisher=viranatura.com |access-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045058/http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Common mammals include the [[wolf]], [[red fox]], [[corsac fox]], [[moose]], [[argali]] (the largest species of sheep), [[Eurasian lynx]], [[Pallas's cat]], and [[snow leopards]], several of which are protected.
Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Book|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205173757/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm|archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Przewalski's horse]] has been reintroduced to the steppes after nearly 200 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Wild Przewalski's horses return to Kazakhstan after 200 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/wild-przewalskis-horses-return-to-kazakhstan-after-200-years}}</ref>