Editing Katipunan (section)

==Literature of the society==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical 
| footer    = The triumvirate of Katipunan (from left to right): Bonifacio, Jacinto and Valenzuela.
| width     = 150
| image1    = Andrés Bonifacio.jpg
| alt1      = Andrés Bonifacio
| image2    = PH nhi emilio jacinto.jpg
| alt2      = Emilio Jacinto
| image3    = Pio Valenzuela.jpg
| alt3      = Pío Valenzuela
}}
{{Wikisource|Mi_último_adiós#Tagalog_Translation|Pahimakas}}

===Written works===
During the Katipunan's existence, literature flourished through prominent writers of the Katipunan: [[Andrés Bonifacio]], [[Emilio Jacinto]] and [[Dr. Pío Valenzuela]]. Each of the three's works stirred patriotism and are aimed to spread the revolutionary thoughts and ideals of the society.<ref name="zaide 156"/>
* '''Bonifacio works'''. Probably one of the best works done inside the Katipunan was written by [[Andrés Bonifacio]], ''Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa'' (Love for the Homeland).<ref>In other sources, this was titled as ''Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan''. Both are translated into English as ''Love for the Homeland''.</ref> It is a poem of sincere patriotic sentiment. ''Pag-ibig'' was published in the January 1896 issue of ''[[#Kalayaan|Kalayaan]]'' by Bonifacio under his [[pen name]] ''Agapito Bagumbayan''. According to Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, the name ''Agapito Bagumbayan'' was a corruption of ''agap-ito, bagum-bayan'', which, if translated from Tagalog to English word by word, means "the new nation is here and ready".<ref name="andres docu">{{cite web|url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.pagibig.htm|title=Documents of the Katipunan: Andrés Bonifacio (attrib.) 'Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan'|access-date=August 20, 2009|archive-date=August 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802121941/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.pagibig.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Artigas y Cuerva|1911|p=403}}</ref> There is no known original source of ''Pag-ibig'', especially that there is no surviving ''Kalayaan'' issue. The two available texts accessible reprinted through books is the one published by Jose P. Santos in 1935. The other one, with familiar discrepancies to Santos' print, was archived in the military annals of [[Madrid]].<ref name="andres docu"/>
: After Rizal's execution at [[Luneta Park|Bagumbayan]] on December 30, 1896, Bonifacio wrote the first Tagalog translation of the former's ''[[Mi último adiós]]'' (Final Farewell), in which he gave the name ''Pahimakas'' (Farewell). He also wrote the prose ''Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B.'' (Duties of the Sons of the People), that was never published because he believed that Jacinto's ''Kartilya'' was superior than his.<ref name="katungkulan">{{cite web |url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.katungkulang.htm |title=Documents of the Katipunan: Andrés Bonifacio: Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B. |access-date=August 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303151541/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.katungkulang.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bonifacio also wrote ''Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Mga Tagalog'' (What the Tagalogs Should Know), which is a politic-historical essay.
* '''Jacinto works'''. [[Emilio Jacinto]] is considered as the ''Brains of the Katipunan'', later ''of the Revolution''. His poetical masterpiece, written in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] on October 8, 1897, was ''A la Patría'' (To My Fatherland), with an inspiring melody paralleled from Rizal's ''[[Mi último adiós]]''.<ref name="zaide 156">{{Harvnb|Zaide|1957|p=156}}</ref> He also wrote a touching [[ode]] entitled ''A mí Madre'' (To My Mother). His masterpiece in prose, the ''[[Kartilya ng Katipunan|Kartilya]]'' (Primer; see [[#Kartilya ng Katipunan|below]]), became the [[Bible]] of the Katipunan.<ref name="zaide 156"/> His other prose writing was ''Liwanag at Dilim'' (Light and Darkness), a series of articles on [[human right]]s, liberty, equality, labor, government, and love of country. His [[pen name]] was ''Dimas-Ilaw''.
* '''Valenzuela works'''. [[Dr. Pío Valenzuela]] was a [[medical doctor]] by profession. In 1896, during the first publication of ''Kalayaan'', Valenzuela assisted Bonifacio and Jacinto in editing the newspaper. He also wrote ''Catuiran?'' (Is it Fair?), which described the cruelties of the Spanish priest and civil guards of [[San Francisco del Monte]] (now in [[Quezon City]]) on a helpless village lieutenant.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/> He also collaborated with Bonifacio in writing the article ''Sa Mga Kababayan'' (To my Countrymen), an essay addressing the people of the Philippines. His [[pen name]] was ''Madlang-Away''.<ref name="zaide 156"/>
:During the infamous [[Cry of Balintawak]], Valenzuela held the position of physician-general of the Katipunan.<ref name="Richardson: Balintawak">{{cite web |url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.balintawak.htm |title=Roster of Katipuneros at Balintawak, August 1896 |last=Richardson |first=Jim |date=October 2005 |access-date=August 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131163618/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.balintawak.htm |archive-date=January 31, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===''Kalayaan''===
{{Redirect|Ang Kalayaan||Kalayaan (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Cccasarealjf.JPG|thumb|left|175px|The printing machine used by the [[First Philippine Republic]] (now the Casa Real Shrine), where the newspapers La Independencia, El Heraldo de la Revolucion, Kalayaan, and Kaibingan ng Bayan were printed. During the Japanese occupation, the "Bulacan Military Area", under Captain [[Alejo Santos]], used this machine, against the Japanese.]]
''Kalayaan'' (Liberty/Freedom) was the official organ and newspaper of the Katipunan. It was first published March 1896 (even though its masthead was dated January 1896.)<ref name="kalayaan"/> The first ''Kalayaan'' issue has never been followed.

In 1895, the Katipunan bought an old hand-press with the money generously donated by two [[Visayan people|Visayan]] co-patriots Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban–who returned to the country after working as shell and pearl divers in Australia and had some money from a lottery win.<ref name="kalayaan">{{cite web|url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kalayaan.htm|title=Notes on Kalayaan, the Katipunan paper|last=Rihardson|first=Jim|date=November 2005|access-date=August 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202082837/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kalayaan.htm|archive-date=February 2, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Zaide|October 25, 1930}}</ref> They bought the press and a small quantity of [[Typeface|types]] from Antonio Salazar's "Bazar del Cisne" on Calle Carriedo, and Del Castillo transported it to the house of [[Andrés Bonifacio]] in [[Santa Cruz, Manila]].<ref name="kalayaan"/> On January 1, 1896, Valenzuela accepted the position as the Katipunan "fiscal" in exchange for Bonifacio's consent to send the printing press to his house in Calle de Lavezares, [[San Nicolas, Manila]], "so that he could assist and edit a monthly publication which would be the Katipunan's main organ".<ref name="kalayaan"/> Bonifacio agreed, and on mid-January, the press was delivered in San Nicolas.

The name ''Kalayaan'' was suggested by Dr. Pío Valenzuela, which was agreed both by Bonifacio and [[Emilio Jacinto]].<ref name="Kalayaan: biz">{{cite web|url=http://filipino.biz.ph/history/kalayaan.html|title=Kalayaan: The Katipunan Newspaper|work=Filipino.biz.ph|access-date=August 22, 2009|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125134410/https://filipino.biz.ph/history/kalayaan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even though Valenzuela was chosen to become the editor of the organ, they all decided to use the name of [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] as its editor. To fool the Spanish authorities, the ''Kalayaan'' was also decided to carry a false [[Masthead (American publishing)|masthead]] stating that it was being printed in [[Yokohama, Japan]].<ref name="zaide 158"/>

That very same month, January 1896, the publication of ''Kalayaan'' began. Valenzuela expected to complete it by the end of the month and so it was dated as such.<ref name="kalayaan"/> The existence of the press was kept in utmost secrecy. Under the supervision of Valenzuela, two printers, Faustino Duque, a student from [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]], and Ulpiano Fernández, a part-time printer at ''El Comercio'', printed the revolutionary literature of the society and ''Kalayaan''.

When Valenzuela was appointed the physician-general of the Katipunan, he passed on his editorial duties to Jacinto. Jacinto edited the articles after his pre-law classes in [[University of Santo Tomas]]. Since the press was in the old [[orthography]] and not in the new "[[Germanized]]" alphabet, as called by the Spaniards, there were no Tagalog letters such as "k", "w", "h" and "y". To solve this problem, Jacinto obliged his mother, Josefa Dizon, to buy typefaces that resembled such letters.<ref name="kalayaan"/> The typefaces used in its printing were purchased from publisher [[Isabelo de los Reyes]], but many were taken surreptitiously from the presses of the ''Diario de Manila'' by Filipino employees who were also members of the Katipunan.<ref name="zaide 158">{{Harvnb|Zaide|1957|p=158}}</ref>

According to Valenzuela, the printing process was so laborious that setting eight pages required two months to complete.<ref name="kalayaan"/> For weeks, Jacinto, Duque and Fernández (and sometimes Valenzuela) took turns in preparing the pages of the ''Kalayaan'', which was approximately nine by twelve inches in size.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/>

In March 1896, the first copies of the January 1896 issue were secretly circulated with about 2,000 copies, according to Valenzuela.<ref>{{Harvnb|Woods|2006|p=44}}</ref> According to [[Epifanio de los Santos]], only 1,000 copies were printed: 700 were distributed by Bonifacio, 300 by Aguinaldo, and some 100 by Valenzuela himself.<ref name="kalayaan"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Epifanio|1918|p=79}}</ref>

The first issue contained a supposed editorial done by del Pilar, which, in fact, was done by Jacinto himself. It also included Bonifacio's ''Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa'', Valenzuela's ''Catuiran?'' and several works that exposed Spanish abuses and promoted patriotism.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/> Copies spread to nearby [[Manila]] provinces, including Cavite, Morong (now [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]), [[Caloocan|Kalookan]], and [[Malabon]]. Surprised by this initial success, Jacinto decided to print a second issue that would contain nothing but his works.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/>

In August 1896, the second issue was prepared. It was during this time that Spanish authorities began to grow wary of anti-government activities and, suspecting the existence of a [[Subversion|subversive]] periodical in circulation (see [[#Discovery|below]]), raided the place where ''Kalayaan'' was being printed, at No. 6 Clavel Street, [[San Nicolas, Manila]].<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/> Fortunately, the printers Duque and Fernández were warned in time, destroyed the incriminating molds and escaped. Therefore, Spanish authorities never found any evidence of the ''Kalayaan''.<ref name="zaide 158"/>

===''Kartilya ng Katipunan''===
{{main|Kartilya ng Katipunan}}
The teachings of the Katipunan were embodied in a document entitled ''Kartilya ng Katipunan'',<ref>May be transliterated as ''Cartilla'', ''Kartilla'', or ''Cartilya'' depending on the speaker and user.</ref> a pamphlet printed in [[Tagalog language]]. Copies of which were distributed among the members of the society.

''Kartilya'' was written by [[Emilio Jacinto]], and later revised by Emilio Aguinaldo. The revised version consists of thirteen teachings (though some sources, such as the one provided by Philippine Centennial Commission, list only twelve<ref name="kartilya"/>). The term ''kartilya'' was derived from Spanish ''cartilla'', which was a primer for grade school students before going to school at that time.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://filipino.biz.ph/history/kartilya.html|title=The Teachings of the Katipunan|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=February 28, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228053722/http://filipino.biz.ph/history/kartilya.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Language and alphabet===
According to Filipino writer and historian [[Hermenegildo Cruz]], the official language of the Katipunan is [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and uses an alphabet nearly similar to [[Spanish alphabet]] but has a different meaning and the way it was read was changed. [[Diacritic]]s were added, to emphasize the existence of [[Ng (digraph)#N|ng]] and [[Tagalog grammar#Nouns|mga]] on Tagalog orthography. The following is an excerpt from Cruz' ''[[Kartilya ng Katipunan|Kartilyang]] Makabayan: Mga Tanong at Sagot Ukol Kay [[Andrés Bonifacio]] at sa KKK'' ({{langx|en|Nationalist Primer: Questions and Answers about Andrés Bonifacio and KKK}}, Manila, 1922):<ref>{{Harvnb|Cruz|1922}} VI[30].</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Original writing
! scope="col" | Modern [[Manila]] Tagalog translation
! scope="col" |Rough English translation
|-
|30. '''Anong wika ang ginagamit ng̃  mg̃á kasapi sa Katipunan?'''<br>
Ang tagalog; n͠guni't ang kahulugan ng̃  ilang titik ng̃  abakadang kastilà ay iniba sa kanilang pagsulat ng̃  mg̃á kasulatan at gayon din sa paglagdá ng̃  kanilang mg̃á sagisag. Ang titik na ''"a"'' ay ginawang '''"z"''', ang ''"c"'' at ''"q"'' ay ginawang '''"k"''', ang ''"i"'' ay '''"n"''', ang ''"l"'' at ''"ll"'' ay '''"j"''' ang ''"m"'' ay '''"v"''', ang ''"n"'' ay '''"ll"''', ang ''"o"'' ay '''"c"''' at ang ''"u"'' ay '''"x"'''. Ang ''f, j, v, x'' at ''z'' ng̃  abakadang kastilà ay itinakwil pagka't Hindi kailan͠gan. Sa maliwanag na ulat ay ganitó ang Abakadá (alfabeto) ng̃  "Katipunan" kung itutulad sa abakada ng̃  wikang kastilà.
|30. '''Anong wika ang ginagamit ng mga miyembro sa Katipunan?'''
Ang Tagalog; pero ang kahulugan ng ilang letra ng  abakadang Kastila ay iniba sa kanilang pagsulat ng mga kasulatan at ganoon din sa pagpirma ng  kanilang mga sagisag (o simbolo). Ang letrang ''"a"'' ay ginawang '''"z"''', ang ''"c"'' at ''"q"'' ay ginawang '''"k"''', ang ''"i"'' ay '''"n"''', ang ''"l"'' at ''"ll"'' ay '''"j"''' ang ''"m"'' ay '''"v"''', ang ''"n"'' ay '''"ll"''', ang ''"o"'' ay '''"c"''' at ang ''"u"'' ay '''"x"'''. Ang ''f, j, v, x'' at ''z'' ng  abakadang Kastila ay itinakwil dahil sa Hindi kailangan. Sa maliwanag na salita ay ganito ang Abakada (alpabeto) ng  "Katipunan" kung itutulad sa abakada ng  wikang Kastila.
|30. '''What is the language used by the members of the Katipunan?'''<br>
[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]; however, the meanings of some letters from the Spanish alphabet have been changed. The letter ''"a"'' becomes '''"z"''', ''"c"'' and ''"q"'' become '''"k"''', the letter ''"i"'' is '''"n"''', the letters ''"l"'' and ''"ll"'' are '''"j"''' letter ''"m"'' is '''"v"''', letter ''"n"'' is '''"ll"''', letter ''"o"'' is '''"c"''' and letter ''"u"'' is '''"x"'''. The letters ''f, j, v, x'' and ''z'' are not needed, and unused.
|-
|}

Presented below is the Katipunan alphabet, when compared to the Spanish alphabet.
{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin:1em auto;"
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="26" | Abakada ng̃  kastilà (Spanish alphabet)
|-
|width=3% align="center"|A||width=3% align="center"|B||width=3% align="center"|C||width=3% align="center"|D||width=3% align="center"|E||width=3% align="center"|F||width=3% align="center"|G||width=3% align="center"|H||width=3% align="center"|I||width=3% align="center"|J||width=3% align="center"|K||width=3% align="center"|LL||width=3% align="center"|M||width=3% align="center"|N||width=3% align="center"|O||width=3% align="center"|P||width=3% align="center"|Q||width=3% align="center"|R||width=3% align="center"|S||width=3% align="center"|T||width=3% align="center"|U||width=3% align="center"|V||width=3% align="center"|W||width=3% align="center"|X||width=3% align="center"|Y||width=3% align="center"|Z
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="26" | Abakada ng̃  "Katipunan" ("Katipunan" alphabet)
|-
|align="center"|Z||align="center"|B||align="center"|K||align="center"|D||align="center"|Q||align="center"|H||align="center"|G||align="center"|F||align="center"|N||align="center"|L||align="center"|K||align="center"|J||align="center"|V||align="center"|LL||align="center"|C||align="center"|P||align="center"|K||align="center"|R||align="center"|S||align="center"|T||align="center"|X||align="center"|M||align="center"|W||align="center"|U||align="center"|Y||align="center"|-
|}