Editing Jorge Luis Borges (section)

===Anti-Peronism===
In 1946, Argentine President [[Juan Perón]] began transforming Argentina into a [[one-party state]] with the assistance of his wife, [[Eva Perón|Evita]]. Almost immediately, the [[spoils system]] was the rule of the day, as ideological critics of the ruling ''[[Partido Justicialista]]'' were fired from government jobs. During this period, Borges was informed that he was being "promoted" from his position at the Miguel Cané Library to a post as inspector of poultry and rabbits at the Buenos Aires municipal market. Upon demanding to know the reason, Borges was told, "Well, you were on the side of the Allies, what do you expect?"{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=292}} Borges resigned the following day. Perón's treatment of Borges became a [[wikt:cause célèbre|cause célèbre]] for the Argentine intelligentsia. The Argentine Society of Writers (SADE) held a formal dinner in his honour. At the dinner, a speech was read which Borges had written for the occasion. It said:{{blockquote|text=Dictatorships breed oppression, dictatorships breed servility, dictatorships breed cruelty; more loathsome still is the fact that they breed idiocy. Bellboys babbling orders, portraits of [[caudillo]]s, prearranged cheers or insults, walls covered with names, unanimous ceremonies, mere discipline usurping the place of clear thinking&nbsp;... Fighting these sad monotonies is one of the duties of a writer. Need I remind readers of ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' or ''[[Don Segundo Sombra|Don Segundo]]'' that individualism is an old Argentine virtue.{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=295}}}}

In the aftermath, Borges found himself much in demand as a lecturer and one of the intellectual leaders of the Argentine opposition. In 1951 he was asked by anti-Peronist friends to run for president of SADE. Borges, then having depression caused by a failed romance, reluctantly accepted. He later recalled that he would awake every morning and remember that Perón was president and feel deeply depressed and ashamed.{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=312}} Perón's government had seized control of the Argentine mass media and regarded SADE with indifference. Borges later recalled, however, "Many distinguished men of letters did not dare set foot inside its doors."{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=313}} Meanwhile, SADE became an increasing refuge for critics of the Perón government. SADE official Luisa Mercedes Levinson noted, "We would gather every week to tell the latest jokes about the ruling couple and even dared to sing the songs of the [[French Resistance]], as well as '[[La Marseillaise]]'".{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=313}}

After Evita Perón's death on 26 July 1952, Borges received a visit from two policemen, who ordered him to put up two portraits of the ruling couple on the premises of SADE. Borges indignantly refused, calling it a ridiculous demand. The policemen replied that he would soon face the consequences.{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=320}} The Justicialist Party placed Borges under 24-hour surveillance and sent policemen to sit in on his lectures; in September they ordered SADE to be permanently closed down. Like much of the Argentine opposition to Perón, SADE had become marginalized due to persecution by the State, and very few active members remained.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Borges on the Right |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/kovacs-borges-on-the-right/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Boston Review |date=September 1977 |language=en-US |last1=Kovacs |first1=Katherine Singer }}</ref> According to Edwin Williamson,

{{blockquote|text=Borges had agreed to stand for the presidency of the SADE in order [to] fight for intellectual freedom, but he also wanted to avenge the humiliation he believed he had suffered in 1946, when the Peronists had proposed to make him an inspector of chickens. In his letter of 1950 to [[Attilio Rossi]], he claimed that his infamous promotion had been a clever way the Peronists had found of damaging him and diminishing his reputation. The closure of the SADE meant that the Peronists had damaged him a second time, as was borne out by the visit of the Spanish writer [[Julián Marías]], who arrived in Buenos Aires shortly after the closure of the SADE. It was impossible for Borges, as president, to hold the usual reception for the distinguished visitor; instead, one of Borges's friends brought a lamb from his ranch, and they had it roasted at a tavern across the road from the SADE building on Calle Mexico. After dinner, a friendly janitor let them into the premises, and they showed Marías around by candlelight. That tiny group of writers leading a foreign guest through a dark building by the light of guttering candles was vivid proof of the extent to which the SADE had been diminished under the rule of Juan Perón.{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=320–321}}}}

On 16 September 1955, General [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]]'s ''[[Revolución Libertadora]]'' toppled the ruling party and forced Perón into exile. Borges was overjoyed and joined demonstrators marching through the streets of Buenos Aires. According to Williamson, Borges shouted, "Viva la Patria", until his voice grew hoarse. Due to the influence of Borges's mother and his own role on the opposition to Peron, the provisional government appointed Borges as the Director of the [[National Library of the Argentine Republic|National Library]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416034854/http://www.bibnal.edu.ar/paginas/galeriadirec.htm#borges|date=16 April 2008|title=Jorge Luis Borges. Galería de Directores, Biblioteca Nacional (Argentina)}}. (archived from the [http://www.bibnal.edu.ar/paginas/galeriadirec.htm#borges original], on 16 April 2008.)</ref>

In his essay ''L'Illusion Comique'', Borges wrote there were two histories of Peronism in Argentina. The first he described as "the criminal one", composed of the [[police state]] tactics used against both real and imagined anti-Peronists. The second history was, according to Borges, "the theatrical one" composed of "tales and fables made for consumption by dolts." He argued that, despite their claims to detest capitalism, Juan and Eva Perón "copied its methods, dictating names and slogans to the people" in the same way that multi-national corporations "impose their razor blades, cigarettes, and washing machines." Borges then listed the numerous [[conspiracy theories]] the ruling couple dictated to their followers and how those theories were accepted without question.<ref>Jorge Luis Borges, ''Selected Nonfictions'', pp. 409–10.</ref> Borges concluded:

{{blockquote|text=It is useless to list the examples; one can only denounce the duplicity of the fictions of the former regime, which can't be believed and were believed. It will be said that the public's lack of sophistication is enough to explain the contradiction; I believe that the cause is more profound. [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] spoke of the "willing [[suspension of disbelief]]," that is, poetic faith; [[Samuel Johnson]] said, in defense of Shakespeare, that the spectators at a tragedy do not believe they are in [[Alexandria]] in the first act and Rome in the second but submit to the pleasure of a fiction. Similarly, the lies of a dictatorship are neither believed nor disbelieved; they pertain to an intermediate plane, and their purpose is to conceal or justify sordid or atrocious realities. They pertain to the pathetic or the clumsily sentimental. Happily, for the enlightenment and security of the Argentines, the current regime has understood that the function of government is not to inspire pathos.<ref>Jorge Luis Borges, ''Selected Nonfictions'', p. 410.</ref>}}

In a 1967 interview, Borges said, "Perón was a humbug, and he knew it, and everybody knew it. But Perón could be very cruel. I mean, he had people tortured, killed. And his wife was a common prostitute."<ref>Burgin (1969), p. 121</ref> When Perón returned from exile in 1973 and regained the Presidency, Borges was enraged. In a 1975 interview for ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', he said "Damn, the snobs are back in the saddle. If their posters and slogans again defile the city, I'll be glad I've lost my sight. Well, they can't humiliate me as they did before my books sold well."<ref name="Natgeo303">''National Geographic'', p. 303. (March 1975).</ref>

After being accused of being unforgiving, Borges quipped, "I resented Perón's making Argentina look ridiculous to the world&nbsp;... as in [[Huemul Project|1951, when he announced control over]] [[thermonuclear fusion]], which still hasn't happened anywhere but in the sun and the stars. For a time, Argentines hesitated to wear band aids for fear friends would ask, 'Did the atomic bomb go off in your hand?' A shame, because Argentina really has world-class scientists."<ref name="Natgeo303" /> After Borges's death in 1986, the Peronist ''[[Partido Justicialista]]'' declined to send a delegate to the writer's memorial service in Buenos Aires. A spokesman for the Party said that this was in reaction to "certain declarations he had made about the country."{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=491}} Later, at the City Council of Buenos Aires, Peronist politicians refused to honor Borges as an Argentine, commenting that he "chose to die abroad." When infuriated politicians from the other parties demanded to know the real reason, the Peronists finally explained that Borges had made statements about Evita Perón which they called "unacceptable".{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=491}}