Editing Joan of Arc (section)

=== Trial ===
{{Main|Trial of Joan of Arc}}

[[File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Trial of Joan of Arc (Joan of Arc series - VI), c. late 1909-early 1910, NGA 195567.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''The Trial of Joan of Arc'', by [[Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel]] (1909–1910, [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.)|alt=Joan of Arc facing left addressing assessors, scribes. She has soldiers behind her]]

Joan was put on trial for [[Christian heresy|heresy]]{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/14 14–15]|Sullivan|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/n14 xviii]|Russell|1972|3p=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ/page/262 262]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/22 22]}} in Rouen on 9 January 1431.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/24 24]}} She was accused of having [[blasphemed]] by wearing men's clothes, of acting upon visions that were [[demon]]ic, and of refusing to submit her words and deeds to the church because she claimed she would be judged by God alone.{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/207 207–208]|ps=; See {{harvnb|Hobbins|2005|pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/157 157–164]}} for a complete translation of the articles.}} Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated.{{sfnm|Peters|1989|1p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]|Weiskopf|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/118 118]}} Joan testified that her visions had instructed her to defeat the English and crown Charles, and her success was argued to be evidence she was acting on behalf of God.{{sfn|Elliott|2002|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095?seq=21 46–47]}} If unchallenged, her testimony would invalidate the English claim to the rule of France{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/20 20]}} and undermine the University of Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/146 146–147]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/107 107]}} which supported the dual monarchy ruled by an English king.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/4 4]|2a1=Hobbins|2a2=2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/3 3]|3a1=Verger|3y=1972|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/universitiesinpo0000unse/page/53 53–54]}}

The verdict was a foregone conclusion.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/8 8]|Kelly|1993|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?seq=33 1023–1024]|Sullivan|2011|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178?seq=7 313]}} Joan's guilt could be used to compromise Charles's claims to legitimacy by showing that he had been consecrated by the act of a heretic.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/20 20–21]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/106 106]|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/27 27]}} Cauchon served as the [[Ecclesiastical jurisdiction#Ordinary|ordinary]] judge of the trial.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/102 102]}} The English subsidized the trial,{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/n13 xiii]|Gies|1981|2p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156]|Lightbody|1961|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/102 102–103]}} including payments to Cauchon{{sfnm|Newhall|1934|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456?seq=2 89]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/47 47]}} and Jean Le Maître,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/214 214]}} who represented the Inquisitor of France.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} All but 8 of the 131 clergy who participated in the trial were French{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/4 4]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} and two thirds were associated with the University of Paris,{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/253 253]|Hobbins|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} but most were pro-Burgundian and pro-English.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/166 166]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/48 48]}}

[[File:Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Miniature of [[Pierre Cauchon]] presiding at Joan of Arc's trial, unknown author (15th century, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]])|alt=miniature of Pierre Couchon]]
Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure,{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/18 18]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/108 108]|3a1=Sullivan|3y=2011|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178?seq=5 311]|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/29 29]}} but the trial had many irregularities.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 157]|Hobbins|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|Peters|1989|3p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]}} Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women,{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/26 26]}} but instead was imprisoned by the English and guarded by male soldiers under the command of the Duke of Bedford.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/154 154]}} Contrary to [[canon law]], Cauchon had not established Joan's [[Infamy#Infamy of law|infamy]] before proceeding with the trial.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/254 234–255]|Kelly|1993|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=28 1018],[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=32 1022]|Taylor|2006|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/24 24–25]}} Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began.{{sfn|Kelly|1993|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=32 1022]}} The procedures were below inquisitorial standards,{{sfn|Peters|1989|p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]}} subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/88 88–89]}} without legal counsel.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|Taylor|2006|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/25 25, fn 79]}} One of the trial clerics stepped down because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan;{{sfnm|Frank|1997|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909?&seq=4 54]|Kelly|1993|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494?&seq=28 1018]}} another challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed.{{sfnm|1a1=Frank|1y=1997|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909?&seq=4 54]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156–157]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/126 126]}} There is evidence that the trial records were falsified.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/113 101]}}

During the trial, Joan showed great control.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/160 160]|Taylor|2009|2p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sV9kFj3O1noC&q=%22Joan%27s%20knowledge%20of%20tactics%22 160]}} She induced her interrogators to ask questions sequentially rather than simultaneously, refer back to their records when appropriate, and end the sessions when she requested.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/102 102]}} Witnesses at the trial were impressed by her prudence when answering questions.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/160 160]|Sullivan|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/102 102]}} For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. The question was meant as a scholarly trap, as church doctrine held that nobody could be certain of being in God's grace. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she was in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/92 93]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/166 166]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/112 112]}} One of the court notaries at her trial later testified that the interrogators were stunned by her answer.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/166 166]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/238 238]}} To convince her to submit, Joan was shown the instruments of torture. When she refused to be intimidated, Cauchon met with about a dozen assessors (clerical jurors) to vote on whether she should be tortured. The majority decided against it.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/206 206]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/127 127–128]|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/256 256]}}

In early May, Cauchon asked the University of Paris to deliberate on twelve articles summarizing the accusation of heresy. The university approved the charges.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/208 208–209]|2a1=Harrison|2y=2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/288 288]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/129 129]}} On 23 May, Joan was formally admonished by the court.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/186 186]|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n335 318]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/129 129]}} The next day, she was taken out to the churchyard of the abbey of Saint-Ouen for public condemnation. As Cauchon began to read Joan's sentence, she agreed to submit. She was presented with an [[abjuration]] document, which included an agreement that she would not bear arms or wear men's clothing.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/212 212]}} It was read aloud to her,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/190 190]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/214 214]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/131 131]}} and she signed it.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/115 115–116]|Castor|2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/190 190]|Sullivan|1999|3p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/131 131]}}{{efn|The details of Joan's abjuration are unclear because the original document, which may have been only eight lines long,{{sfn|Harrison|2014|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/290 290–291]}} was replaced with a longer one in the official record.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/266 266–267]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/130 130–131]|3a1=Rankin|3a2=Quintal|3y=1964|3p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/113 101]<!-- Link to 113 but display of 101 is correct due to OpenLibrary page mismatch.-->}} {{Harvnb|Quicherat|1841a|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV1/page/446 446–448]}} provides the official text of the abjuration document in French. See {{Harvnb|Linder|2017}} for an English translation.}}