Editing Jansenism (section)

== Renewed persecution after the Clementine Peace ==
[[File:Quesnel.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pasquier Quesnel]] (1634–1719), whose book, ''Nouveau Testament en français avec des réflexions morales sur chaque verset'', set off the last major recurrence of the Jansenist controversy in 1692 and was the subject of the 1713 apostolic constitution ''[[Unigenitus]]'']]The death of the [[Anne Geneviève de Bourbon|Duchess of Longueville]], protector of Port-Royal and the Jansenists, in 1679, as well as the signing of the [[Treaties of Nijmegen]] and of [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|Saint-Germain]] the same year, left Louis XIV with a free hand to resume his persecution of Jansenism.
In agreement with the king, the new archbishop of Paris, [[François de Harlay de Champvallon]], expelled the novices and confessors (seventy people) from the monastery of [[Port-Royal-des-Champs]] and banned recruitment. Following this measure, the main Jansenist theologians went into exile: [[Pierre Nicole]] settled in [[Spanish Flanders]] until 1683, [[Antoine Arnauld]] took refuge in [[Brussels]] in 1680 and was joined by {{Interlanguage link|Jacques Joseph Duguet|fr}} in 1685, an Augustinian [[Oratory of Jesus|Oratorian]].<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|page=28}}

In 1696, the work of [[Martin de Barcos]] (nephew of [[Jean du Vergier de Hauranne]]), ''Expression de la foi catholique touchant la grâce et la prédestination'' ('Expression of the Catholic faith, touching on grace and predestination'), was published by the [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] [[Gabriel Gerberon]], then in exile in [[Holland]]. This work was immediately condemned by the archbishop of Paris, [[Louis Antoine de Noailles]], although he was very deferential towards Augustine's writings. Notably, he approved [[Pasquier Quesnel]]'s ''Réflexions morales'' in 1694, due its markedly Augustinian character. The Jansenists reacted strongly to the condemnation of Barcos' book, and criticised Noailles.

=== Pasquier Quesnel and his ''Réflexions morales'': 1692–1710 ===
Quesnel was also a member of the Oratory of Jesus in Paris from 1657 until 1681, when he was expelled on account of his Jansenism. He sought the protection of [[Pierre du Cambout de Coislin]], [[bishop of Orléans]], who harbored Quesnel for four years, until Quesnel joined Antoine Arnauld in Brussels in 1689. In 1692, Quesnel published the ''Nouveau Testament en français avec des réflexions morales sur chaque verset'' ('New Testament in French with moral reflections on each verse'), a devotional guide to the [[New Testament]] that laid out the Jansenist position in strong terms. This work, consistently republished because of its success, was classically Augustinian. Quesnel remained measured on questions of grace, but on the other hand was fiercely [[Gallicanism|Gallican]] in the vein of [[Edmond Richer]]. Indeed, Quesnel was seen as the functional successor of Antoine Arnauld upon his death in 1694, and therefore as the leader of the 'Jansenist party'.<ref name="Gazier-1923" />{{Rp|page=|pages=234–235}}

The ''Réflexions morales'' did not initially arouse controversy; not only was it recommended by Noailles but it was also approved for publication by Félix Vialart de Herse, [[bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne]]. {{citation needed span|text=Neither Vialart nor Noailles appeared to have realized that the book had strongly Jansenist overtones, and had thought that they were simply approving a pious manual of devotion.|date=November 2014}} However, in the years that followed, several bishops became aware of the book's Jansenist tendencies and issued condemnations: {{Interlanguage link|Joseph-Ignace de Foresta|fr}}, [[bishop of Apt]], in 1703; Charles-Béningne Hervé, [[bishop of Gap]], in 1704; and both {{Interlanguage link|François-Joseph de Grammont|fr}}, [[bishop of Besançon]], and {{Interlanguage link|Édouard Bargedé|fr}}, [[bishop of Nevers]], in 1707. When the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|Holy Office]] drew the {{lang|fr|Réflexions morales}} to the attention of Clement XI, he issued the [[papal brief]] {{lang|la|Universi dominici}} (1708), proscribing the book for "savouring of the Jansenist heresy". As a result, in 1710, Jean-François de l'Escure de Valderil, [[bishop of Luçon]], and {{Interlanguage link|Étienne de Champflour|fr}}, [[bishop of La Rochelle]], forbade the reading of the book in their dioceses.<ref name="Catholic" />

=== ''Case of Conscience'': 1701–1709 ===
The tensions generated by the continuing presence of these elements in the French Roman Catholic Church came to a head in the Case of Conscience of 1701, which was initiated by a priest from [[Clermont-Ferrand]]. The case involved the question of whether or not [[absolution]] should be given to a cleric who refused to affirm the infallibility of the Church in matters ''de facto'' (even if he did not preach against it but merely maintained a 'respectful silence'). A provincial conference, consisting of forty theology professors from the Sorbonne, headed by [[Noël Alexandre]], declared that the cleric should receive absolution.[[File:Clement XI.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pope Clement XI]] (1649–1721) promulgated the apostolic constitution {{lang|la|[[Unigenitus Dei Filius]]}} in 1713, which condemned Quesnel and the Jansenists.]]

The publication of this 'Case of Conscience' provoked outrage among the anti-Jansenist elements in the Roman Catholic Church. The decision given by the scholars was condemned by several French bishops; by Cardinal [[Louis Antoine de Noailles]], [[archbishop of Paris]]; by the theological faculties at Leuven, [[University of Douai|Douai]] and eventually Paris; and, finally, in 1703, by [[Pope Clement XI]]. The scholars who had signed the Case of Conscience then backed away, all of the signatories withdrew their signatures and the theologian who had championed the result of the Case of Conscience, {{Interlanguage link|Nicolas Petitpied|fr}}, was expelled from the Sorbonne.

Louis XIV and his grandson, [[Philip V of Spain]], then asked the pope to issue a papal bull condemning the practice of maintaining a 'respectful silence' as to the issue of the infallibility of the Church in matters ''de facto''.

The pope obliged, issuing the apostolic constitution {{lang|la|[[Vineam Domini Sabaoth]]}}, on 16 July 1705. At the subsequent [[Assembly of the French Clergy]], all those present, except P.-Jean-Fr. de Percin de Montgaillard, [[bishop of Saint-Pons]], voted to accept {{lang|la|Vineam Domini Sabaoth}} and Louis XIV promulgated it as binding law in France.

=== Dissolution of Port-Royal and promulgation of ''Unigenitus'': 1708–1713 ===
Louis XIV also sought the dissolution of [[Port-Royal-des-Champs]], the stronghold of Jansenist thought, and this was achieved in 1708 when the pope issued a bull enacting this. The remaining nuns were forcibly removed in 1709 and dispersed among various other French convents and the buildings were razed in 1709. The convent of Port-Royal de Paris remained in existence until it was closed in the general [[dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution]].[[File:Port-RoyalRemoval.jpg|thumb|[[Nuns]] being forcibly removed from the [[convent]] of [[Port-Royal-des-Champs]] in 1709]]All these condemnations allowed Louis XIV to make arguments to definitively reduce the movement to a 'republican sect', that is to say, a sect opposed to the royal absolutist regime. Taking advantage of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], he had Quesnel imprisoned by [[Humbertus Guilielmus de Precipiano]], [[archbishop of Mechelen]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] in 1703, and had all his papers seized, although he escaped and fled to [[Amsterdam]], where he lived for the remainder of his life. This was followed by the arrest of the entire network of correspondents woven by Quesnel over fifteen years throughout France. The centres of the secret publication of Jansenist writings were discovered, forcing Jansenists to flee abroad, most often to the [[Spanish Netherlands]] or the [[Dutch Republic]], passing through monasteries such as the abbey of [[Hautefontaine]], on the border between [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]] and independent [[Lorraine]].<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|page=|pages=30–31}}

Louis XIV asked the pope for a final condemnation, specifically for the ''Réflexions morales'' of Quesnel. Clement XI sent a [[papal brief]] in 1708, but it was not received by the [[Parlement of Paris|''parlement'' of Paris]]. The Jesuit priest [[Michel Le Tellier]], the king's confessor, tried to convince the bishops to ask for a formal condemnation of the work, but unsuccessfully. The king therefore asked the pope for a [[papal bull]] condemning the book. In response, Clement XI promulgated the bull [[Unigenitus|''Unigenitus Dei Filius'']] on 8 September 1713. It was written with the contribution of Gregorio Selleri, a lector at the College of Saint Thomas, the future [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], ''Angelicum'',<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miranda |editor-first=Salvador |title=Selleri, O.P., Gregorio |url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1726-ii.htm#Selleri |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050502071709/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1726-ii.htm#Selleri |archive-date=2005-05-02 |access-date=2012-02-05 |website=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |publisher=Florida International University Libraries}}</ref> and later [[Theologian of the Pontifical Household|Master of the Sacred Palace]], fostered the condemnation of Jansenism by condemning one hundred and one propositions from the {{lang|fr|Réflexions morales}} of Quesnel as [[heretical]], and as identical with propositions already condemned in the writings of Jansen. These propositions as well as the work itself are seen as a summary of Jansenist doctrine.<ref name="Gazier-1923" />{{Rp|page=|pages=237–238}}