Editing Jane Addams (section)

==Politics==
[[File:Jane Addams & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923.jpg|thumb|left|Jane Addams [left] & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Collection/Swarthmore College Peace Collection.)]]

===Peace movement===
[[File:Jane Addams and Miss Elizabeth Burke (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Delegation to the Women's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams (left) and Miss Elizabeth Burke of the University of Chicago, 1911]]
In 1898, Addams joined the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|Anti-Imperialist League]], in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the [[Philippines]]. A staunch supporter of the Progressive Party, she nominated Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency during the [[Progressive National Convention, 1912|Party Convention]], held in Chicago in August 1912.<ref>Gustafson, Melanie (2001). ''Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924''. University of Illinois Press.</ref> She signed up on the party platform, even though it called for building more [[battleship]]s. She went on to speak and campaign extensively for Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign.

In January 1915, she became involved in the [[Woman's Peace Party]] and was elected national chairman.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm|title=Woman's Peace Party|publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com|access-date=February 27, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103823/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApeaceW.htm|archive-date=July 27, 2009}}</ref> Addams was invited by [[Europe]]an women peace activists to preside over the [[International Congress of Women]] in The Hague, April 28–30, 1915,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> and was chosen to head the commission to find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort against the war. Addams, along with co-delegates [[Emily Balch]] and [[Alice Hamilton]], documented their experiences of this venture, published as a book, ''Women at The Hague'' ([[University of Illinois]]).<ref>[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/58fyh3nm9780252028885.html UI Press|Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton|Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April 1915):
[[File:Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams signed drawing by [[Manuel Rosenberg]] 1917]]
<blockquote>Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, so eager to understand and sympathize, so patient of anarchy and even ego, yet always there, strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a radiating wisdom and power of judgement.<ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk" /></blockquote>

Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work of the Hague Congress, at a conference in 1919 in [[Zürich]], Switzerland. The International Committee developed into the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] (WILPF).<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilpf.int.ch/history/hindex.htm |title=Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |publisher=WILPF |access-date=April 27, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515215314/http://www.wilpf.int.ch/history/hindex.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Addams continued as president, a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia.
[[File:International Congress of Women1915 (22785230005).jpg|thumb|320px|left|[[Women at the Hague|International Congress of Women in 1915]]. left to right:1. [[Lucy Thoumaian]] – Armenia, 2. [[Leopoldine Kulka]], 3. [[Laura Hughes (activist)|Laura Hughes]] – Canada, 4. [[Rosika Schwimmer]] – Hungary, 5. [[Anita Augspurg]] – Germany, 6. Jane Addams – USA, 7. [[Eugenie Hamer|Eugenie Hanner]], 8. [[Aletta Jacobs]] – Netherlands, 9. [[Chrystal Macmillan]] – UK, 10. [[Rosa Genoni]] – Italy, 11. [[Anna Kleman]] – Sweden, 12. [[Thora Daugaard]] – Denmark, 13. [[Louisa Keilhau|Louise Keilhau]] – Norway]]
In 1917, she also became a member of the [[Fellowship of Reconciliation]] USA (American branch of the [[International Fellowship of Reconciliation]] founded in 1919) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until 1933.<ref>Vera Brittain (1964), ''The Rebel Passion'', London: George Allen & Unwin ltd, p. 111</ref> When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams started to be strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at [[Carnegie Hall]] received negative coverage by newspapers such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', which branded her as unpatriotic.<ref>{{cite journal|title="The revolt against war"; Jane Addams' rhetorical challenge to the patriarchy|author1=Sherry R. Shepler|author2=Anne F. Martina|journal=Communication Quarterly|volume=47|issue=2|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/13/104650283.pdf|work=The New York Times|title=AN INSULT TO WAR.; Miss Addams Would Strip the Dead of Honor and Courage|date=July 13, 1915}}</ref> Later, during her travels, she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/index.html|title=Nobel Peace 1931|website=Nobelprize.org|access-date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American democracy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/|title=Jane Addams (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)|publisher=Plato Stanford|access-date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> She donated her share of the prize money to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" />

===Pacifism===
Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and by the pragmatism of philosophers [[John Dewey]] and [[George Herbert Mead]].<ref>Maurice Hamington, "Jane Addams," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2007)</ref> Her books, particularly ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' and ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'', and her peace activism informed early feminist theories and perspectives on peace and war.<ref>True, Jacqui, (2023). Peace Pragmatism and the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, in P. M. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams''. pp. 413 – 426. Oxford Academic,  {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.5}}.  {{isbn|9780197544532}}</ref> She envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one. Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the [[Spanish–American War]]. Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace''<ref>Addams, Jane (1907).  [https://books.google.com/books?id=VnQCAAAAYAAJ ''Newer Ideals of Peace''].  New York:  The Macmillan Company.  Via Books.Google.com.</ref> (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice. She recruited social justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, [[Lillian Wald]], Florence Kelley, and [[Emily Greene Balch]] to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after [[World War I]], when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.<ref>Alonzo (2003)</ref>

In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague. These conferences produced [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]]. A 1914 conference was canceled due to [[World War I]]. The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened by [[Women at the Hague]]. At the time, both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague, which included almost 1,200 participants from 12 warring and neutral countries.<ref>Addams, J., Balch, E. G., & Hamilton, A. (2003). ''Women at The Hague: The international congress of women and its results''. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. (Original work published 1915)</ref> Their goal was to develop a framework to end the violence of war. Both national and international political systems excluded women's voices. The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace resulted in flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes at war's end.<ref>Deegan, M. J. (2003). Introduction. In J. Addams, E. G. Balch & A. Hamilton (Eds.), ''Women at the Hague: the international congress of women and its results''. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp. 12–15 (Original work published 1915)</ref><ref>Shields, Patricia (2017) ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration''. New York: Springer {{ISBN|978-3-319-50646-3}}</ref> Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/nominations/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Addams was opposed to U.S. [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]] and [[expansionism]] and ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad.<ref>Allen F. Davis, ''American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams'' (New York, 1973) pp. 141–142 {{ISBN?}}</ref> In 1915, she gave a speech at [[Carnegie Hall]] and was booed offstage for opposing U.S. intervention into World War I.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.democracynow.org/2003/5/21/new_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges | title=New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois| website=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Addams damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during World War I (1917–18). [[Oswald Garrison Villard]] came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before major ground attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what abuse did not the [New York] ''Times'' cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across [[No Man's Land]]. Yet when the facts came out at the hands of [[Sir Philip Gibbs]] and others not one word of apology was ever forthcoming."<ref>Villard, Oswald Garrison. ''Some Newspapers and Newspaper-Men,'' (New York: Knopf, 1923) pp. 9–10. ,</ref> Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the [[American Legion]], supported by some members of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] (DAR) and the [[League of Women Voters]], were ill-prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from membership in their organization.<ref>Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen. The American Pageant. Vol. II: Since 1865. 11th Ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998. p. 574.</ref> The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President [[Calvin Coolidge]] and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit [[poison gas]] and outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the [[Progressive Era]].<ref>Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915–1930?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600–2000'' 2001 5(0).</ref> In 1931, the award of the Nobel Peace prize earned her near-unanimous acclaim.<ref>Louise W. Knight, ''Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy'', p. 405</ref>

=== Philosophy and "peaceweaving" ===
{{Progressivism sidebar|expanded=activists}}Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace.<ref>Addams, Jane, (1907). ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' New York: Macmillan.</ref><ref>Addams, Jane, (1922). ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'' New York: Macmillan</ref><ref>Hamington, Maurice, (2009) ''The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press {{ISBN|978-0-252-03476-3}}</ref> Peace theorists often distinguish between [[Peace and conflict studies#Conceptions of peace|negative and positive peace]].<ref>Galtung, J. (1969) Violence, peace and peace research. ''Journal of Peace Research'', 6, 167–191</ref><ref>Gleditsch, N. P., Nordkvelle, J., & Strand, H. (2014). Peace research – just the study of war? ''Journal of Peace Research'', 51(2), 145–158.</ref><ref>Diehl, Paul, (2016), Thinking about Peace: Negative Terns Versus Positive Outcomes, ''Strategic Studies Quarterly'' Spring pp. 3–9</ref><ref>Shields, Patricia. (2017). Limits of Negative Peace, Faces of Positive Peace, ''Parameters'' Vol. 47 No. 3 pp. 5–12.</ref> Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war. Positive peace is more complicated. It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can take into account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of relationships, freedom, order and harmony. Jane Addams's philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters (2017) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term ''Peaceweaving''.<ref>Shields, P. M. and Soeters, J. (2017) Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace, and Public Administration. ''The [[American Review of Public Administration]]'' Vol. 47 No. 3. pp. 323–339.</ref> They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both flexible and strong. Further, weaving is an activity in which men and women have historically engaged. Addams's ''peaceweaving'' is a process which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships. Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable" <ref>Shields, P. M. and Soeters, J. (2017) Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace, and Public Administration. ''The [[American Review of Public Administration]]'' Vol. 47 No. 3. p. 331.</ref>

===Eugenics===
{{Eugenics sidebar}}
Addams supported eugenics and was vice president of the American Social Hygiene Association, which advocated eugenics in an effort to improve the social 'hygiene' of American society.<ref>Kennedy, A. C. (2008). Eugenics, “Degenerate Girls,” and Social Workers During the Progressive Era. Affilia, 23(1), 22–37. {{doi|10.1177/0886109907310473}}</ref><ref>Haller, M. H. (1963). Eugenics: Hereditarian attitudes in American thought. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University Press</ref> She was a close friend of noted eugenicists [[David Starr Jordan]] and [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]], and was an avid proponent of the ideas of [[G. Stanley Hall]]. Addams belief in eugenics was tied to her desire to eliminate what she perceived to be '[[social ills]]':

{{Blockquote|text=Certainly allied to this new understanding of child life and a part of the same movement is the new science of eugenics with its recently appointed university professors. Its organized societies publish an ever-increasing mass of information as to that which constitutes the inheritance of well-born children. When this new science makes clear to the public that those diseases which are a direct outcome of the social evil are clearly responsible for race deterioration, effective indignation may at last be aroused, both against preventable infant mortality for which these diseases are responsible, and against the ghastly fact that the survivors among these afflicted children infect their contemporaries and hand on the evil heritage to another generation.<ref>Addams, Jane. ''A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil''. pp 60–61</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15221/15221-h/15221-h.htm | title = A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil | first = Jane | last = Addams }}</ref>}}

===Prohibition===
While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|the eighteenth amendment]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Linn|first=James Weber|title=Jane Addams: A Biography|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000 |orig-year=1935|location=Urbana |page=365|isbn=0-252-06904-8 }}</ref> she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a necessary element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social standpoint." She repeated the claim that "professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of alcohol.'"<ref>Addams, Jane. "A Decade of Prohibition", ''The Survey'', October 1, 1929, p. 6.</ref>