Editing Jaguar (section)

===Social activity===
[[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca) male meeting a young female (back) ... - Flickr - berniedup.jpg|thumb|Male (background) and young female (foreground) near the Cuiabá River, [[Porto Jofre]], [[Poconé]], [[Mato Grosso]], Brazil]]
The jaguar is generally [[Solitary animal|solitary]] except for females with cubs. In 1977, groups consisting of a male, female and cubs, and two females with two males were sighted several times in a study area in the [[Paraguay River]] valley.<ref name=Schaller1980/> In some areas, males may form paired coalitions which together mark, defend and invade territories, find and mate with the same females and search for and share prey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jędrzejewski|first1=W.|last2=Hoogesteijn|first2=R.|last3=Devlin |first3=A. L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2022 |title=Collaborative behaviour and coalitions in male jaguars (''Panthera onca'')—evidence and comparison with other felids |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=76|issue=9|page=121 |doi=10.1007/s00265-022-03232-3 |s2cid=251713323 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022BEcoS..76..121J }}</ref> A radio-collared female moved in a [[home range]] of {{cvt|25-38|km2}}, which partly overlapped with another female. The home range of the male in this study area overlapped with several females.<ref name=Schaller1980>{{cite journal |author1=Schaller, G. B. |author2=Crawshaw, P. G. Jr. |year=1980 |name-list-style=amp |title=Movement patterns of Jaguar |journal=Biotropica |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.2307/2387967 |jstor=2387967|bibcode=1980Biotr..12..161S }}</ref>

The jaguar uses scrape marks, urine, and feces to [[Territorial marking|mark its territory]].<ref name=Rabinowitz>{{cite journal |author1=Rabinowitz, A. R. |author1-link=Alan Rabinowitz |author2=Nottingham, B.G. Jr. |year=1986 |name-list-style=amp |title=Ecology and behaviour of the Jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in Belize, Central America |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=210 |issue=1 |pages=149–159 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03627.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harmsen |first1=B. J. |last2=Foster |first2=R.J. |last3=Gutierrez |first3=S.M. |last4=Marin |first4=S.Y. |last5=Doncaster |first5=C.P. |year=2007 |name-list-style=amp |title=Scrape-marking behavior of jaguars (''Panthera onca'') and pumas (''Puma concolor'') |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1225–1234 |doi=10.1644/09-mamm-a-416.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The size of home ranges depends on the level of deforestation and human population density. The home ranges of females vary from {{cvt|15.3|km2}} in the [[Pantanal]] to {{cvt|53.6|km2}} in the Amazon to {{cvt|233.5|km2}} in the [[Atlantic Forest]]. Male jaguar home ranges vary from {{cvt|25|km2}} in the Pantanal to {{cvt|180.3|km2}} in the Amazon to {{cvt|591.4|km2}} in the Atlantic Forest and {{cvt|807.4|km2}} in the [[Cerrado]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Morato, R.G. |author2=Stabach, J.A. |author3=Fleming, C.H. |author4=Calabrese, J.M. |author5=De Paula, R.C. |author6=Ferraz, K.M. |author7=Kantek, D.L. |author8=Miyazaki, S.S. |author9=Pereira, T.D. |author10=Araujo, G.R. |author11=Paviolo, A. |year=2016 |name-list-style=amp |title=Space use and movement of a neotropical top predator: the endangered Jaguar |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=e0168176 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0168176 |doi-access=free |pmc=5193337 |pmid=28030568 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1168176M}}</ref>
Studies employing [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] [[telemetry]] in 2003 and 2004 found densities of only six to seven jaguars per {{cvt|100|km}} in the Pantanal region, compared with 10 to 11 using traditional methods; this suggests the widely used sampling methods may inflate the actual numbers of individuals in a sampling area.<ref name=soisalo/> Fights between males occur but are rare, and avoidance behavior has been observed in the wild.<ref name=Rabinowitz/> In one wetland population with degraded territorial boundaries and more social proximity, adults of the same sex are more tolerant of each other and engage in more friendly and co-operative interactions.<ref name=Eriksson2021/>

[[File:Jaguar saw.flac|thumb|Captive jaguar vocalizing while playing]]
The jaguar [[roar]]s/grunts for long-distance communication;<ref name=Seymour /><ref name=Emmons1987 /> intensive bouts of counter-calling between individuals have been observed in the wild.<ref name=Emmons1987 /> This vocalization is described as "hoarse" with five or six [[guttural]] notes.<ref name=Seymour /> [[prusten|Chuffing]] is produced by individuals when greeting, during [[Courtship display|courting]], or by a mother comforting her cubs. This sound is described as low intensity snorts, possibly intended to signal tranquility and passivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |last2=Tonin-Leyhausen |first2=B. |year=1999 |name-list-style=amp |title=Evolution of Acoustic Communication Signals of Mammals: Friendly Close-Range Vocalizations in Felidae (Carnivora) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=129–159 |doi=10.1023/A:1020620121416 |s2cid=25252052}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leuchtenberger |first1=C. |last2=Crawshaw |first2=P. G. |last3=Mourão |first3=G. |last4=Lehn |first4=C. R. |year=2009 |name-list-style=amp |title=Courtship behavior by Jaguars in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul |journal=Natureza & Conservação |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=218–222 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263424625 |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021418/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263424625_Courtship_behavior_by_Jaguars_in_the_Pantanal_of_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul |url-status=live}}</ref> Cubs have been recorded bleating, gurgling and mewing.<ref name=Seymour />