Editing Innovation (section)

=== Sources of innovation ===
Innovation may occur due to effort from a range of different agents, by chance, or as a result of a major system failure. According to [[Peter F. Drucker]], the general sources of innovations are changes in industry structure, in market structure, in local and global demographics, in human perception, in the amount of available scientific knowledge, etc.<ref name="Drucker" />

[[File:Linear model of innovation.svg|thumb|Original model of three phases of the process of Technological Change]]
In the simplest [[linear model of innovation]] the traditionally recognized source is ''manufacturer innovation''. This is where a person or business innovates in order to sell the innovation.

Another source of innovation is ''end-user innovation''. This is where a person or company develops an innovation for their own (personal or in-house) use because existing products do not meet their needs. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] economist [[Eric von Hippel]] identified end-user innovation as the most important source in his classic book on the subject, ''"The Sources of Innovation"''.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books/sources/SofI.pdf |title=The Sources of Innovation |last=Von Hippel |first=Eric |author-link=Eric von Hippel |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012160410/http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books/sources/SofI.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2006 |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref>

The robotics engineer [[Joseph F. Engelberger]] asserts that innovations require only three things:
# a recognized need
# competent people with relevant technology
# financial support<ref>Engelberger, J. F. (1982). "Robotics in practice: Future capabilities". ''Electronic Servicing & Technology'' magazine.</ref>

The Kline [[chain-linked model]] of innovation<ref>Kline (1985). ''Research, Invention, Innovation and Production: Models and Reality, Report INN-1'', March 1985, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University.</ref> places emphasis on potential market needs as drivers of the innovation process, and describes the complex and often iterative feedback loops between marketing, design, manufacturing, and R&D.

In the 21st century the [[Islamic State]] (IS) movement, while decrying [[Bidʻah|religious innovation]]s, has innovated in military tactics, recruitment, [[ideology]] and geopolitical activity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hashim |first1=Ahmed S. |title=The Caliphate at War: The Ideological, Organisational and Military Innovations of Islamic State |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9781849046435 |page=7}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book |last1=Scott Ligon |first1=Gina |title=Team Creativity and Innovation |last2=Derrick |first2=Douglas C. |last3=Harms |first3=Mackenzie |date=15 November 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190695323 |editor-last1=Reiter-Palmon |editor-first1=Roni |chapter=Destruction Through Collaboration: How Terrorists Work Together Toward Malevolent Innovation}}</ref>