Editing Indo-European languages (section)

=== Comparison of conjugations ===

The following table presents a comparison of conjugations of the [[vowel stems|thematic]] [[present indicative]] of the verbal root *{{PIE|bʰer-}} of the English verb ''[[wikt:bear|to bear]]'' and its reflexes in various early attested IE languages and their modern descendants or relatives, showing that all languages had in the early stage an inflectional verb system.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
|-
!
! [[Proto-Indo-European]]<br /> (*{{PIE|[[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-|bʰer-]]}} 'to carry, to bear')
|-
! I (1st sg.)
| *{{PIE|bʰéroh₂}}
|-
! You (2nd sg.)
| *{{PIE|bʰéresi}}
|-
! He/She/It (3rd sg.)
| *{{PIE|bʰéreti}}
|-
! We two (1st [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]])
| *{{PIE|bʰérowos}}
|-
! You two (2nd dual)
| *{{PIE|bʰéreth₁es}}
|-
! They two (3rd dual)
| *{{PIE|bʰéretes}}
|-
! We (1st pl.)
| *{{PIE|bʰéromos}}
|-
! You (2nd pl.)
| *{{PIE|bʰérete}}
|-
! They (3rd pl.)
| *{{PIE|bʰéronti}}
|}<!-- Indo-Iranian -->
<!-- Balto-Slavic -->{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Major subgroup
! rowspan="2" |[[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Italic languages|Italic]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Armenian languages|Armenian]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
! colspan="2" |[[Balto-Slavic]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Albanian languages|Albanian]]
|-
![[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
![[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
![[Baltic languages|Baltic]]
![[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|-
! Ancient representative
![[Ancient Greek]]
![[Vedic Sanskrit]]
![[Avestan]]
![[Latin]]
![[Old Irish]]
![[Classical Armenian]]
![[Gothic language|Gothic]]
![[Old Prussian]]
![[Old Church Slavic|Old Church Sl.]]
![[Old Albanian]]
|-
! I (1st sg.)
|[[wikt:φέρω|phérō]]
| bʰárāmi
| barāmi
|[[wikt:fero#Latin|ferō]]
| biru; berim
| berem
| baíra /bɛra/
| *bera
| berǫ
| *berja
|-
! You (2nd sg.)
| phéreis
| bʰárasi
| barahi
| fers
| biri; berir
| beres
| baíris
| *bera
| bereši
| *berje
|-
! He/She/It (3rd sg.)
| phérei
| bʰárati
| baraiti
| fert
| berid
| berē
| baíriþ
| *bera
| beretъ
| *berjet
|-
! We two (1st dual)
| —
| bʰárāvas
| barāvahi
| —
| —
| —
| baíros
|—
| berevě
|—
|-
! You two (2nd dual)
| phéreton
| bʰárathas
| —
| —
| —
| —
| baírats
|—
| bereta
|—
|-
! They two (3rd dual)
| phéreton
| bʰáratas
| baratō
| —
| —
| —
| —
|—
| berete
|—
|-
! We (1st pl.)
| phéromen
| bʰárāmas
| barāmahi
| ferimus
| bermai
| beremkʿ
| baíram
| *beramai
| beremъ
| *berjame
|-
! You (2nd pl.)
| phérete
| bʰáratha
| baraθa
| fertis
| beirthe
| berēkʿ
| baíriþ
| *beratei
| berete
| *berjeju
|-
! They (3rd pl.)
| phérousi
| bʰáranti
| barəṇti
| ferunt
| berait
| beren
| baírand
| *bera
| berǫtъ
| *berjanti
|-
! Modern representative
![[Modern Greek]]
![[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
![[Persian language|Persian]]
![[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
![[Irish language|Irish]]
![[Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern; Western)]]
![[German language|German]]
![[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
![[Slovene language|Slovene]]
![[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|-
! I (1st sg.)
| férno
| (ma͠i) bʰarūm̥
| (man) {mi}baram
| {con}firo
|[[wikt:beir#Irish|beirim]]
| berum em; g'perem
| (ich) {ge}bäre
| beriu
| bérem
| (unë) bie
|-
! You (2nd sg.)
| férnis
| (tū) bʰarē
| (tu) {mi}bari
| {con}feres
| beirir
| berum es; g'peres
| (du) {ge}bierst
| beri
| béreš
| (ti) bie
|-
! He/She/It (3rd sg.)
| férni
| (ye/vo) bʰarē
| (ān) {mi}barad
| {con}fere
| beiridh
| berum ē; g'perē
| (er/sie/es) {ge}biert
| beria
| bére
| (ai/ajo) bie
|-
! We two (1st dual)
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| beriava
| béreva
|—
|-
! You two (2nd dual)
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|beriata
|béreta
|—
|-
! They two (3rd dual)
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| beria
| béreta
|—
|-
! We (1st pl.)
| férnume
| (ham) bʰarēm̥
| (mā) {mi}barim
| {con}ferimos
| beirimid; beiream
| berum enkʿ; g'perenkʿ
| (wir) {ge}bären
| beriame
| béremo
| (ne) biem
|-
! You (2nd pl.)
| férnete
| (tum) bʰaro
| (šomā) {mi}barid
| {con}feris
| beirthidh
| berum ekʿ; g'perekʿ
| (ihr) {ge}bärt
| beriate
| bérete
| (ju) bini
|-
! They (3rd pl.)
| férnun
| (ye/vo) bʰarēm̥
| (ānān) {mi}barand
| {con}ferem
| beirid
| berum en; g'peren
| (sie) {ge}bären
| beria
| bérejo; berọ́
| (ata/ato) bien
|}

While similarities are still visible between the modern descendants and relatives of these ancient languages, the differences have increased over time. Some IE languages have moved from [[synthetic language|synthetic]] verb systems to largely [[periphrastic]] systems. In addition, the [[pronoun]]s of periphrastic forms are in parentheses when they appear. Some of these verbs have undergone a change in meaning as well.
* In [[Modern Irish]] ''beir'' usually only carries the meaning ''to bear'' in the sense of bearing a child; its common meanings are ''to catch, grab''. Apart from the first person, the forms given in the table above are dialectical or obsolete. The second and third person forms are typically instead conjugated [[periphrasis|periphrastically]] by adding a pronoun after the verb: ''beireann tú, beireann sé/sí, beireann sibh, beireann siad''.
* The [[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]) verb ''bʰarnā'', the continuation of the Sanskrit verb, can have a variety of meanings, but the most common is "to fill". The forms given in the table, although etymologically derived from the [[present indicative]], now have the meaning of [[Subjunctive mood|future subjunctive]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=van Olphen |first=Herman |date=1975 |title=Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=284–301 |doi=10.1163/000000075791615397 |jstor=24651488 |s2cid=161530848 |issn=0019-7246 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The loss of the [[present indicative]] in Hindustani is roughly compensated by the periphrastic [[Habitual aspect|habitual indicative]] construction, using the [[Habitual aspect|habitual participle]] (etymologically from the Sanskrit present participle ''bʰarant-'') and an auxiliary: ''ma͠i bʰartā hū̃, tū bʰartā hai, vah bʰartā hai, ham bʰarte ha͠i, tum bʰarte ho, ve bʰarte ha͠i'' (masculine forms).
* German is not directly descended from Gothic, but the Gothic forms are a close approximation of what the early West Germanic forms of {{Circa|400 AD}} would have looked like. The descendant of Proto-Germanic ''*beraną'' (English ''bear'') survives in German only in the compound ''gebären'', meaning "bear (a child)".
* The Latin verb ''ferre'' is irregular, and not a good representative of a normal thematic verb. In most Romance languages such as Portuguese, other verbs now mean "to carry" (e.g. Pt. ''portar'' < Lat. ''portare'') and ''ferre'' was borrowed and nativized only in compounds such as {{lang|pt|sofrer}} "to suffer" (from Latin ''sub-'' and ''ferre'') and {{lang|pt|conferir}} "to confer" (from Latin "con-" and "ferre").
* In Modern [[Greek language|Greek]], ''phero'' φέρω (modern transliteration ''fero'') "to bear" is still used but only in specific contexts and is most common in such compounds as αναφέρω, διαφέρω, εισφέρω, εκφέρω, καταφέρω, προφέρω, προαναφέρω, προσφέρω etc. The form that is (very) common today is ''pherno'' φέρνω (modern transliteration ''ferno'') meaning "to bring". Additionally, the perfective form of ''pherno'' (used for the subjunctive voice and also for the future tense) is also ''phero''.
* The dual forms are archaic in standard Lithuanian, and are only presently used in some dialects (e.g. [[Samogitian dialect|Samogitian]]).
* Among modern Slavic languages, only Slovene continues to have a dual number in the standard variety.