Editing Inca Empire (section)

=== End of the Inca Empire ===
{{Main|Neo-Inca State|Criollo people#Spanish colonial caste system{{!}}Society in the Spanish Colonial Americas}}
[[File:Luis Montero - The Funerals of Inca Atahualpa - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Atahualpa, the last [[Sapa Inca]] of the empire, was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533. [[Los funerales de Atahualpa|Painting]] by [[Luis Montero Cáceres|Luis Montero]].]]
[[File:Cusco - Qoricancha - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Facade of the [[Convent of Santo Domingo, Cusco|Convent of Santo Domingo]] in [[Cusco]], built on the base of the [[Coricancha]]]]

The Spanish installed Atahualpa's brother [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]] in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro, [[Diego de Almagro]], attempted to claim Cusco. Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco in 1536, but the Spanish retook the city afterwards. Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of [[Vilcabamba, Peru|Vilcabamba]] and established the small [[Neo-Inca State]], where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them. In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler, [[Túpac Amaru|Topa Amaru]], Manco's son, was captured and executed.{{sfn|McEwan|2008|p=31}} This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state.

After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the [[vertical archipelago]] model of agriculture.{{sfn|Sanderson|1992|p=76}} Spanish colonial officials used the Inca [[Mita (Inca)|mita]] [[corvée]] labor system for colonial aims, sometimes brutally. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at [[Potosí]]. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family was required to send a replacement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiedner |first=Donald L. |date=April 1960 |title=Forced Labor in Colonial Peru |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/forced-labor-in-colonial-peru/5CD045C2F4DE84F1815BC31EDCB62521 |journal=The Americas |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=357–383 |doi=10.2307/978993 |jstor=978993 |s2cid=147198034 |issn=0003-1615}}</ref>

Although [[smallpox]] is usually presumed to have spread through the Empire before the arrival of the Spaniards, the devastation is also consistent with other theories.<ref>{{Cite book |title=El Niño, Catastrophism, and Culture Change in Ancient America |first1=Daniel H. |last1=Sandweiss |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Quilter |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php? |access-date=7 August 2022 |series=Dumbarton Oaks Other Titles in Pre-Columbian Studies |date=31 January 2009 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780884023531 |language=en}}</ref> Beginning in Colombia, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Smallpox was only the first epidemic.<ref>[http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/orlow-e.html Millersville University ''Silent Killers of the New World''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103220859/http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/orlow-e.html |date=3 November 2006}}</ref> Other diseases, including a probable [[typhus]] outbreak in 1546, [[influenza]] and [[smallpox]] together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, [[diphtheria]] in 1614, and [[measles]] in 1618, all ravaged the Inca people.

There would be periodic attempts by indigenous leaders to expel the Spanish colonists and re-create the Inca Empire until the late 18th century. See [[Juan Santos Atahualpa]] and [[Túpac Amaru II]].