Editing Iberian Peninsula (section)

===Roman rule===
{{See also|Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}
[[File:Conquista Hispania.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula|Roman conquest]]: 220 BCE – 19 BCE]]

In 218 BCE, during the [[Second Punic War]] against the Carthaginians, the first [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] troops occupied the Iberian Peninsula, known to them as [[Hispania]]. After 197, the territories of the peninsula most accustomed to external contact and with the most urban tradition (the Mediterranean Coast and the Guadalquivir Valley) were divided by Romans into [[Hispania Ulterior]] and [[Hispania Citerior]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A companion to the archaeology of the Roman Republic|editor-first=Jane =DeRose|editor-last=Evans|page=526|year=2013|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]]|isbn=978-1-4051-9966-7|chapter=Hispania: From the Roman Republic to the Reign of Augustus|first=Isabel|last=Rodá}}</ref> Local rebellions were quelled, with a 195 Roman campaign under Cato the Elder ravaging hotspots of resistance in the northeastern Ebro Valley and beyond.{{Sfn|Rodá|2013|p=526}} The threat to Roman interests posed by Celtiberians and Lusitanians in uncontrolled territories lingered in.{{Sfn|Rodá|2013|p=527}} Further wars of indigenous resistance, such as the [[Celtiberian Wars]] and the [[Lusitanian War]], were fought in the 2nd century. Urban growth took place, and population progressively moved from [[hillfort]]s to the plains.<ref>{{Cite web|page=197|title=Hispania en las provincias occidentales del imperio durante la república y el alto imperio: una pespectiva arqueológica|year=2009|first=Isabel|last=Rodá de Llanza|publisher=Institut Català d'Arqueologia Clàssica|url=https://www.recercat.cat/bitstream/handle/2072/232531/icac_art_71.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref>

An example of the interaction of [[slaving]] and [[ecocide]], the aftermath of the conquest increased mining extractive processes in the southwest of the peninsula (which required a massive number of forced laborers, initially from Hispania and latter also from the [[Gaul|Gallic borderlands]] and other locations of the Mediterranean), bringing in a far-reaching environmental outcome vis-à-vis long-term global pollution records, with levels of [[atmospheric pollution]] from mining across the Mediterranean during Classical Antiquity having no match until the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gosner|first=L.|title=Extraction and empire: multi-scalar approaches to Roman mining communities and industrial landscapes in southwest Iberia|journal=[[Archaeological Review from Cambridge]]|volume=31|issue=2|year=2016|pages=125–126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Dan-el|last=Padilla Peralta|journal=Classica|issn=2176-6436|volume=33|issue=2|year=2020|title=Epistemicide: the Roman Case|author-link=Dan-el Padilla Peralta|pages=161–163}}</ref>

In addition to mineral extraction (of which the region was the leading supplier in the early Roman world, with production of the likes of gold, silver, copper, lead, and [[cinnabar]]), Hispania also produced manufactured goods ([[Terra sigillata|sigillata]] pottery, [[glass|colourless glass]], [[linen]] garments) fish and fish sauce ([[garum]]), dry crops (such as [[wheat]] and, more importantly, [[esparto]]), [[olive oil]], and [[wine]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Roman Spain. Conquest and Assimilation|first=Leonard A.|last=Curchin|year=2014|orig-year=1991|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-74031-9|pages=136–153}}</ref>

The process of [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]] spurred on throughout the first century BC.{{Sfn|Rodá|2013|p=535}} The peninsula was also the battleground of civil wars between rulers of the Roman republic; such as the [[Sertorian War]], and the [[Caesar's civil war|conflict between Caesar and Pompey]] later in the century.{{Sfn|Rodá|2013|p=533; 536}}

During their 600-year occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, the Romans introduced the Latin language that influenced many of the languages that exist today in the Iberian peninsula.
{{see also|Lusitania|Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Baetica}}