Editing Homeopathy (section)

===Provings===
Homeopaths claim that they can determine the properties of their preparations by following a method which they call "proving".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dantas |first1=F |last2=Fisher |first2=P |last3=Walach |first3=H |last4=Wieland |first4=F |last5=Rastogi |first5=D |last6=Teixeira |first6=H |last7=Koster |first7=D |last8=Jansen |first8=J |last9=Eizayaga |first9=J |title=A systematic review of the quality of homeopathic pathogenetic trials published from 1945 to 1995 |journal=Homeopathy |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=4–16 |year=2007 |pmid=17227742 |doi=10.1016/j.homp.2006.11.005|s2cid=3689226 }}</ref> As performed by Hahnemann, provings involved administering various preparations to healthy volunteers. The volunteers were then observed, often for months at a time. They were made to keep extensive journals detailing all of their symptoms at specific times throughout the day. They were forbidden from consuming coffee, tea, spices, or wine for the duration of the experiment; playing chess was also prohibited because Hahnemann considered it to be "too exciting", though they were allowed to drink beer and encouraged to exercise in moderation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bradford|first1=Thomas Lindsley|title=The Life and Letters of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann|date=1895|publisher=Boericke & Tafel|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-330-00150-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofdrs00brad/page/103 103]–04|url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofdrs00brad|access-date=August 27, 2015}}</ref> At first Hahnemann used undiluted doses for provings, but he later advocated provings with preparations at a 30C dilution,<ref name="Organon_6th_128" /> and most modern provings are carried out using ultra-dilute preparations.<ref>
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2IFcHJYTSYC&q=homeopathic+proving+method&pg=PA52|title=Homeopathic pharmacy: theory and practice|author=Kayne SB|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2006|isbn=978-0-443-10160-1|edition=2|page=52}}</ref>

Provings are claimed to have been important in the development of the [[clinical trial]], due to their early use of simple control groups, systematic and quantitative procedures, and some of the first application of [[statistics]] in medicine.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=Cassedy JH
 |title=American Medicine and Statistical Thinking, 1800–1860
 |publisher=iUniverse
 |year=1999
 |isbn=978-1-58348-428-9
}}{{Page needed|date=March 2011}}</ref> The lengthy records of [[self-experimentation]] by homeopaths have occasionally proven useful in the development of modern drugs: For example, evidence that [[nitroglycerin]] might be useful as a treatment for [[angina pectoris|angina]] was discovered by looking through homeopathic provings, though homeopaths themselves never used it for that purpose at that time.<ref name="pmid2866851">
{{cite journal
 |author=Fye WB
 |title=Nitroglycerin: a homeopathic remedy
 |journal=Circulation
 |volume=73
 |issue=1
 |pages=21–29
 |year=1986
 |pmid=2866851
 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.73.1.21
|doi-access=free
 }}</ref> The first recorded provings were published by Hahnemann in his 1796 ''Essay on a New Principle''.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Hahnemann S
 |title=Versuch über ein neues Prinzip zur Auffindung der Heilkräfte der Arzneisubstanzen, nebst einigen Blicken auf die bisherigen
 |journal=[[Journal der Practischen Heilkunde]]
 |editor=C. W. Hufelands
 |language=de
 |volume=II
 |issue=3
 |year=1796
}}</ref> His ''Fragmenta de Viribus'' (1805)<ref>
{{cite book
 |title=Fragmenta de Viribus medicamentorum Positivis
 |author=Hahnemann S
 |language=la
 |location=Leipzig
 |year=1805
}}</ref> contained the results of 27 provings, and his 1810 ''Materia Medica Pura'' contained 65.<ref>
{{cite book
 |title=Materia medica pura; sive, Doctrina de medicamentorum viribus in corpore humano sano observatis; e Germanico sermone in Latinum conversa
 |vauthors=Hahnemann S, Stapf E, Gross G, de Brunnow EG |language=la
 |location=Dresden
 |publisher=Arnold
 |year=1826–1828
 |oclc=14840659
}}</ref> For James Tyler Kent's 1905 ''Lectures on Homoeopathic Materia Medica'', 217 preparations underwent provings and newer substances are continually added to contemporary versions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kent|first=James Tyler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ArAQAAMAAJ|title=Lectures on Homoeopathic Materia Medica|date=1905|publisher=Boericke & Tafel|isbn=978-0-7222-9856-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kent|first=James Tyler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZtEPAAACAAJ|title=Lectures on Homoeopathic Materia Medica: Together With Kent's "New Remedies" Incorporated and Arranged in One Alphabetical Order|date=2020-03-31|publisher=B. Jain Publishers (P) Limited|isbn=978-81-319-0259-2|language=en}}</ref>

Though the proving process has superficial similarities with clinical trials, it is fundamentally different in that the process is subjective, not [[Blind test|blinded]], and modern provings are unlikely to use pharmacologically active levels of the substance under proving.<ref name="Creighton">{{cite web |url=http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/science/validity.htm |title=Are the principles of Homeopathy scientifically valid? |publisher=Creighton University School of Medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816233729/http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/science/validity.htm |archive-date=August 16, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As early as 1842, Oliver Holmes had noted that provings were impossibly vague, and the purported effect was not repeatable among different subjects.<ref name="Holmes" />