Editing History of Uruguay (section)

== Return to civil rule and collectivism, 1890–1903 ==
By 1890 the country continued to undergo transformations, with increasing urbanization, mass European immigration, an increase in the educational level due to compulsory education and the development of the middle class. In the political sphere, the period that would last until 1903 was characterized by the political predominance of the upper bourgeoisie, to the detriment of the ''caudillismo'' that had prevailed for decades.<ref name=":3" />

In 1890, Colorado [[Julio Herrera y Obes]] took office as president which marked the end of militarism and the return to civil rule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-31 |title=Julio Herrera y Obes: brillo y carisma {{!}} La Mañana |url=https://www.xn--lamaana-7za.uy/cultura/julio-herrera-y-obes-brillo-y-carisma/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |language=es}}</ref> He proposed the {{Language with name/for|es|Influencia directriz|Directive influence}}, a political thesis that postulates that the president in office must choose candidates for high elective positions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://contenidoseducativosdigitales.edu.uy/files/068-el-colectivismo.pdf|title=Colectivismo en Uruguay – ANEP|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> Thus, collectivism emerged, in which the members of ''La Colectividad'', a sector of the [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado Party]], ensured successive control of the presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grèzes |first=Daniel Iglesias |title=El estatismo de los uruguayos |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/el-estatismo-de-los-uruguayos-201981210159 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=El Observador}}</ref>

In the months after Herrera and Obes took office, the [[Baring crisis|Baring Crisis]] broke out, greatly affecting the Uruguayan economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Las turbulencias económicas nunca pudieron abatirnos {{!}} La Mañana |url=https://www.xn--lamaana-7za.uy/actualidad/las-turbulencias-economicas-nunca-pudieron-abatirnos/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |language=es}}</ref> In 1894 [[Juan Idiarte Borda]] —a member of ''La Colectividad''— succeeded Herrera y Obes as president. During his administration, the state bank, [[Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay|Banco de la Republica]], was established.<ref>Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay, ''Sinopsis económica y financiera del Uruguay'' (Montevideo: Impresara Uruguaya, 1933); and Simon G. Hanson, ''Utopia in Uruguay: Chapters in the Economic History of Uruguay'' (Oxford University Press, 1938).</ref><ref>Discussed more recently in Ronn F. Pineo, ''Cities of Hope: People, Protests, And Progress in Urbanizing Latin America, 1870-1930'' (London: Routledge, 2018). https://books.google.com/books?id=E8mWDwAAQBAJ
{{ISBN|9780429970191}}</ref> Due to collectivism, which left state politics in the president's inner circle and ensured the supremacy of the Colorado Party, the [[National Party (Uruguay)|National Party]] was excluded and without representation due to electoral legislation, in addition to denouncing fraud in the 1896 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title=La Revolución de 1897 |url=https://www.carasycaretas.com.uy/la-revolucion-de-1897 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=carasycaretas.com.uy |language=es-ES}}</ref>[[File:Práctica de tiro de fuerzas nacionalistas en la Revolucion de 1897 en Uruguay.jpg|thumbnail|right|Blanco soldiers during the [[Revolution of 1897]]]]In March 1897 there was an uprising led by the Blanco caudillo [[Aparicio Saravia]], known as the [[Revolution of 1897]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-06-18 |title=Allá por el año de 1896 |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/opinion/columnistas/alla-por-el-ano-de-1896 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref> The confrontation ended with the signing of the ''Pacto de la Cruz'', in which greater political representation and coparticipation was agreed upon. Thus, the governors of the departments of [[Cerro Largo Department|Cerro Largo]], [[Treinta y Tres Department|Treinta y Tres]], [[Rivera Department|Rivera]], [[Maldonado, Uruguay|Maldonado]], [[Flores Department|Flores]] and [[San José Department|San José]] would be appointed by the Honorable Board, the National Party's central body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=126° aniversario del Pacto de La Cruz |url=https://www.gub.uy/intendencia-florida/comunicacion/noticias/126-aniversario-del-pacto-cruz |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Intendencia de Florida |language=es}}</ref>

On 25 August 1897, President Juan Idiarte Borda was assassinated while attending Independence Day celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Juan Idiarte Borda y un enigma que persiste: por qué lo mataron |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/cultural/juan-idiarte-borda-y-un-enigma-que-persiste-por-que-lo-mataron |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by Juan Lindolfo Cuestas who held the position until 1903.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=El gato de Cuestas {{!}} La Mañana |url=https://www.xn--lamaana-7za.uy/cultura/el-gato-de-cuestas/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |language=es}}</ref>

Due to the high educational and cultural level of Uruguayan society at the end of the 19th century, the "Generation of 900" emerged, an influential group of writers, poets and intellectuals. It was made up of [[Florencio Sánchez]], [[María Eugenia Vaz Ferreira]], [[Julio Herrera y Reissig]], [[Delmira Agustini]] and [[Horacio Quiroga]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cervantes |first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de |title=La generación del 900 |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-generacion-del-900/html/89f292c4-920b-4537-b756-f17be774f5f8_7.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |language=es}}</ref>